Suffering the the emotional aspect of chronic pain.

Chronic pain affects men more than women.

Allodynia is an increased response to a stimulus that is normally painful

Chronic pain can be considered a disease in itself

The insula contributes to affect, cognition, and response selection.

Peripheral sensitization is mediated by cytokines, prostaglandins, and serotonin.

Central sensitization provides a physiologic explanation for pain in the absence of identifiable injury.

Examples of blue flags are fear, anxiety, catastrophization, and distress.