- local repeated pattern/ local folding og the polypeptide chain into helices or sheets

- due to hydrogen interaction among amino acid

- three dimensional IRREGULAR and UNPREDICTABLE protein

- based on the side chain interaction

- May be functional

- more than 1 chain

- protein consisting of more than 1 amino acid chain

- should have at least 2,3, or 4 to be functional

- Catalyzes redox reduction

- enzyme end with dehydrogenase

- carry or transfer amino group

- any enzyme that end with transferase

- enzyme that destroy bond in the presence of water

- the hydrogen and oxygen from water will saturate the end product

- No double bond

- end with ase

- do not require water to destroy bonds

- have double bonds

- end with ase

- enzymes that convert positional and geometric isomers

- still produce the same substances

- enzymes that connect or bind to substrate

- requires energy (ATP) during the linking

- have synthase or synthases at the end of the name

* First order of kinetics

* the reaction or rate of reaction is HIGH if the enzyme is greater than the substrate

* If enzyme is fewer/ lesser than the amount of substrate

* become constant or dependent only in the amount of the enzyme ratio

* Denaturation

* non substrate substances that binds to the enzyme (on the allosteric side)

* non protein entities MUST bind to enzymes for the reaction to occur

* will always interfere or slow down an enzymatic reaction

* competes with the original substrate or active site

* once it reach the enzyme first, the enzyme wont be available for binding

* binds other sites

* all areas except the active site

* can be metabolize - REVERSE

* KABIT

* wait for the formation of the substrate in the active site of enzyme and will bind the complex

* formation of product is unlikely to happen

* either bind the substrate or enzyme but will not bind the complex

* will alter enzymatic reaction

*unlikely to work properly

measure the end point

1IU is equal to

Distribution: Liver, Heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, RBC

RF: 5 - 35 IU/L

Distribution: Liver (higher concentration), widely distributed but small activity in other organs

RF: 7 -45 IU/L

Avoid hemolysis

- affect result about 7000 types

refrigerate serum: 3-4days

unaffected by hemolysis

Refrigerate serum: 3 - 4 days

unaffected by hemolysis

Refrigerate serum: 3 - 4 days

Substrate: P-nitrophenyl phosphate

Measurable end product: P-nitropgenil (405nm)

unaffected by hemolysis

Refrigerate serum: 3 - 4 days

Substrate: B-Glycerophosphate

Measurable end product: Glycerol

Substrate: Phenylphosphate

Measurable end product: Phenol

Substrate: Phenolphthalein Diphosphate

Measurable end product: Red Phenolphthalein

Substrate: Alpha napthylphosphate

Measurable end product: Alpha naphthol

Substrate: Buffered phenolphthalein phosphate

Measurable end product: Phenolphthalein

Lung Cancer

- Phenylalanine placental, intestinal

adenocarcinoma

- Phenylalanine, L-lysine

Hepatoma

- no chemical inhibitor

- All pregnancy

- Preeclampsia and eclampsia

- 16 to 20 weeks = 1-2x elevation

- 3rd trimester = 2 -3x elevation

- biliary obstruction

- hepatocellular injury (slight)

- metastatic carcinoma of the liver

- paget's disease

- rickets

- healing fractures

- hypophosphatasia

- colon cancer

- type O and B secretors

- chronic hemodialysis