Is the quantity, property, or condition that is received

and converted into an electrical signal.

(a)  

it Converts energy from one form to another and

Converts electrical signals into physical phenomena.

(a)  

A marketing document typically designed to highlight

a positive attributes of a particular sensor and

emphasize some of the potential uses of sensor.

(a)  

are the devices that produce analog output in

correspondence to the quantity being calculated. These sensors

also observe the change in external factors such as light

intensity, speed of the wind, and solar radiation, and others.

And the output ranges between 0V to 5V.

(a)  

Type of analog sensors where those can be utilized to detect

changes in acceleration applied on the sensor.

(a)  

These are the kind of photoelectric devices where the detected light

energy is converted to that of electrical energy which means that photons are

converted as electrons.

(a)  

are considered as the modules to find out sound waves by

the intensity and converting those into electrical signals.

(a)  

are the devices used for the measurement of pressure

levels of either liquids or gases. This device is even utilized to measure a few

of the other parameters like the altitude, flow of either gas or liquid, and water

levels.

(a)  

These sensors deliver analog output voltage or current signals in linear

to the temperature levels. The usage of these devices is so simple, and no

need for complicated circuits to construct.

(a)  

are the kind of electrochemical or electrical sensors

where the information is converted to digital form and then transmitted.

(a)  

Sensors that requires external power source for their

function

(a)  

Sensors that doesn’t requires external power source to

operate.

(a)  

Used to measure travel range between where an

object is and a reference position.

(a)  

It measures consecutive

position measurements at known intervals and computes

the time rate of change in the position values.

(a)  

It converts an input mechanical force such as load,

weight, tension, compression or pressure into another

physical variable, in this case, into an electrical output

signal that can be measured, converted and

standardized.

(a)  

is a device that detects and

measures hotness and coolness and converts it into an

electrical signal.

(a)  

are a type of photodetector (also called

photosensors) that detect light.

(a)  

The properties of the system after all the transient effects have

settled to their final or steady state.

(a)  

Behaviour of the sensor between the time the input is given and

time that the output value is given by the sensor settles to a steady-state

value.

(a)  

is the capacity of a measuring instrument to give results to the true value of a measured quantity

(a)  

The capacity of a measuring instrument to give results close to each

other.

(a)  

the property of a mathematical relationship or function which means that it can be graphically represented with a straight line

(a)  

Used in applications for low to intermediate pressures.

Used in Vacuum, Absolute, and Differential Pressures.

Expands or Contracts based on pressure difference across the inside

and outside of the bellows unit.

(a)  

A single sheet joining two diaphragm to form a capsule

Sensing elements consists of 2 corrugated diaphragm molded together

at their periphery to form a capsule.

Pressure to be measured is introduced into the capsule via an opening

in the center of the first diaphragm.

(a)  

Circular shaped corrugated membranes, when pressure is applied the

diaphragm membrane elongates.

Mechanically connected to the transmission mechanism which will

amplify the small deflections of the diaphragm and transfer them to the

pointer

(a)  

Produces an even greater motion of the free end than the spiral element

which eliminates the need for mechanical amplification.

Range is affected by diameter, wall thickness, number of coils used and

construction materials.

High pressure elements might have as many as 20 coils while low span

can only have 2 or 3 coils.

(a)  

Since the free end motion of the C-type bourdon tube is insufficient in

some cases, spiral type bourdon tube is used.

It is composed of C-Bourdon tubes joined end to end, when pressure is

applied the flat spiral tends to uncoil and produces a greater movement

of the free end requiring no mechanical amplification which increases

its sensitivity & accuracy because no lost motion or friction is

introduced.

(a)  

Circular cross-section is flattened.

Process pressure is connected to the tube support and of the tube while

the tip is sealed, when pressure is applied the tube tends to straighten.

The resulting tip motion is nonlinear and this motion is converted into

linear rotational pointer mechanically by means of a geared sector &

pinion movement through connecting link.

(a)  

A circular-shaped tubes with an oval cross section.

C-Shaped, Helical, and Spiral.

Used for measurements of medium to high pressure.

(a)  

Difference between two pressures which is pressure

being measured and a reference pressure and is most commonly used in the industries.

(a)  

Pressure measured against absolute vacuum.

Full Vacuum = 0 PSIA

If the pressure being measured is below atmospheric pressure, this device should be used.

(a)  

Referenced to atmospheric pressure.

When above atmospheric pressure it will show a positive pressure and a negative pressure when it is below atmospheric pressure.

Bourdon Tube, Diaphragm, and Bellow

(a)  

Converts pressure to a small electrical signal which is

transmitted and displayed also called pressure

transmitter.

(a)  

is the expression of force exerted on a surface per unit area

unit of measure is pascal (N/m^2)

(a)  

The ability of the sensor to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period

(a)  

is the electrical signal needed for the active sensor operation

(a)   is specified as the range of voltage and/or current

is the algebraic difference between the electric output signals measured with maximum input stimulus and the lowest input stimulus applied

(a)  

it represents the highest value that can be applied to the sensor without causing an unacceptably large inaccuracy

(a)  

are caused by the sudden change in experimental conditions and noise and tiredness in the working persons which can be positive or negative

(a)  

are caused by the simplification of the system model

(a)  

this occurs due to the wrong reading in the instrument particularly in case of energy readings

(a)  

this occurs due to some external conditions of the instrument

(a)  

it occurs due to the malfuction or wrong construction of the instruments. It may occur due to hysteresis or friction.

(a)  

is the difference between the result of the measurement and the true value of the quantity being measured.

(a)  

If sensor’s manufacturer tolerances and tolerances of the interface (signal conditioning)

circuit are broader than the

required system accuracy, a (a)   of the sensor or a combination of a sensor and an

interface circuit is required to

minimize errors.

the functional relationship between physical input

signal and electrical output signal. Usually, this relationship is represented as

a graph showing the relationship between the input and output signal, and the

details of this relationship may constitute a complete description of the sensor

characteristics.

(a)  

is the smallest incremental change of input parameter that can be detected in the output signal it can also be expressed either as a proportion of the full scale reading or in absolute terms

(a)  

is defined as the change in output value of a sensor to the per unit input value that causes the output change

(a)  

IS DEFINED AS A SPECIFIC DEGREE OF HOTNESS AND

COLDNESS AS REFERENCED TO A SPECIFIC SCALE.

(a)  

REQUIRES THE SENSOR TO BE IN DIRECT OR PHYSICAL CONTACT WITH THE

MEDIA OR OBJECT BEING SENSED. IT CAN BE USED TO MONITOR THE

TEMPERATURE OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS OR GASES OVER AN EXTREMELY WIDE

TEMPERATURE RANGE.

(a)  

MEASUREMENT INTERPRETS THE RADIANT ENERGY OF A HEAT SOURCE IN THE

FORM OF ENERGY EMITTED IN THE INFRARED PORTION OF THE

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM.

THIS METHOD CAN BE USED TO MONITOR NON-REFLECTIVE SOLIDS AND

LIQUIDS BUT IS NOT EFFECTIVE WITH GASES DUE TO THEIR NATURAL

TRANSPARENCY.

(a)  

TWO DIFFERENT METAL BONDED TOGETHER UNDER HEAT AND PRESSURE

TO FORM A SINGLE STRIP OF MATERIAL. BY EMPLOYING THE DIFFERENT EXPANSION

RATES OF THE TWO MATERIALS, THERMAL ENERGY CAN BE CONVERTED INTO

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL MOTION.

(a)  

USES A FORMED BI-METAL DISC TO PROVIDE A NEAR INSTANTANEOUS

CHANGE OF STATE (OPEN TO CLOSE AND CLOSE TO OPEN)

(a)  

USES A BI-METAL STRIP TO SLOWLY OPEN OR SLOWLY CLOSE THE

CONTACTS. THE OPENING SPEED IS DETERMINED BY THE BI-METAL SELECTED

AND THE RATE OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE OF THE APPLICATION

(a)  

MAKES USE OF BULK ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF

SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS, RATHER THAN THE JUNCTION OF TWO

DIFFERENTLY DOPES AREAS

(a)  

ALL OBJECTS EMIT INFRARED ENERGY PROVIDED THEIR TEMPERATURE

IS ABOVE ABSOLUTE ZERO (0 KELVIN). THERE IS A DIRECT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE

INFRARED

ENERGY AN OBJECT EMITS AND ITS TEMPERATURE.

IR SENSORS MEASURE THE INFRARED ENERGY EMITTED FROM AN OBJECT IN THE 4–20

MICRON

(a)  

ARE FORMED WHEN TWO ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS OF DISSIMILAR METALS OR

ALLOYS ARE JOINED AT ONE END OF A CIRCUIT. THERMOCOUPLES DO NOT HAVE SENSING ELEMENTS,

SO THEY ARE LESS LIMITED THAN RESISTIVE TEMPERATURE DEVICES (RTDS) IN TERMS OF MATERIALS USED AND CAN

HANDLE MUCH HIGHER TEMPERATURES. TYPICALLY, THEY ARE BUILT AROUND

BARE CONDUCTORS AND INSULATED BY CERAMIC POWDER OR FORMED CERAMIC.

(a)  

A TYPE OF THERMOUCOUPLE WHERE THE CONDUCTORS ARE OUTSIDE THE THERMOCOUPLE SHEATH. THEY HAVE A VERY

RAPID RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES BUT CAN BE EASILY DAMAGED. THE BEST USE FOR EXPOSED JUNCTION

THERMOCOUPLES IS WHERE A FAST RESPONSE IS REQUIRED, AND THERE IS A LOW RISK OF DAMAGE TO THE SENSOR.

(a)  

A TYPE OF THERMOCOUPLE WHERE THE CONDUCTORS ARE CONNECTED AND WELDED TO THE EXTERNAL SHEATH, WHICH

FORMS A SEALED CONNECTION. SINCE THE WIRES ARE CONNECTED TO THE SHEATH, THEY ARE NOT INSULATED AND

MAY BE AFFECTED BY EMF‘S. THEY ARE USED TO MEASURE TEMPERATURES IN CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENTS AND ARE

THE MOST COMMON FORM OF CONNECTION.

(a)  

AN INSULATED JUNCTION USES MAGNESIUM OXIDE INSULATING MATERIAL, TO PROTECT THE SENSOR FROM

EMF‘S. THE RESPONSE TIME OF AN UNGROUNDED THERMOCOUPLE IS SLOWER THAN A GROUNDED OR EXPOSED

JUNCTION TYPES. THEY ARE USED TO PROTECT SENSITIVE ELECTRONICS FROM FEEDBACK VOLTAGES.

(a)  

TYPE OF THERMOCOUPLE IS FORMED WITH IRON AND CONSTANTAN. -210 TO 760 °C IS ITS

TEMPERATURE RANGE. OWING TO THE LOW-TEMPERATURE RANGE OF THE THERMOCOUPLE, ITS LIFE

SPAN REDUCES IN HIGH TEMPERATURES. _ TYPES THERMOCOUPLE IS BEST SUITED FOR VACUUM

AND INERT ENVIRONMENT. INJECTION MOLDING IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON APPLICATIONS OF

SUCH TYPES OF THE THERMOCOUPLE.

(a)  

CHROMEL AND ALUMEL FORM A _-TYPE THERMOCOUPLE. THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IS BETWEEN

-270 AND 1372 °C. THE NEUTRAL OR OXIDIZING ENVIRONMENT IS BEST SUITED FOR THESE TYPES OF

THE THERMOCOUPLE. IT GENERATES AN EMF VARIATION BELOW 1800°F DUE TO HYSTERESIS, WHICH

RESTRICTS ITS USE IN AN INERT AND OXIDIZING ENVIRONMENT BELOW THIS TEMPERATURE. THEY

ARE MOST COMMONLY USED IN REFINERIES.

(a)  

IT IS FORMED WITH COPPER AND CONSTANTAN. THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IS BETWEEN -270 TO 400°

C. THIS TYPE OF THERMOCOUPLE IS SUITABLE FOR THE INERT ATMOSPHERE AS WELL AS THE

VACUUM. THEY ARE WIDELY USED AS THEY GENERALLY RESIST DECOMPOSITION EVEN IN A MOIST

ENVIRONMENT. THEY ARE COMMONLY USED IN FOOD PRODUCTION AND CRYOGENICS.

(a)  

CHROMEL AND CONSTANTAN ARE THE ALLOYS THAT FORM AN _-TYPE THERMOCOUPLE. THE

TEMPERATURE RANGE IS BETWEEN -270 TO 1000 °C. THIS THERMOCOUPLE DOES NOT FOCUS ON THE

OXIDATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND CAN BE USED IN AN INERT ENVIRONMENT. HOWEVER, THEY

NEED TO BE PROTECTED AGAINST THE SULFUROUS ENVIRONMENT. THEY ARE COMMONLY USED IN

POWER PLANTS.

(a)  

THIS THERMOCOUPLE IS A COMBINATION OF ALLOYS NICROSIL AND NISIL. THE TEMPERATURE RANGE

IS BETWEEN -270 TO 1300 °C. UNLIKE K-TYPE THERMOCOUPLES, THE N-TYPE THERMOCOUPLE OFFERS

VERY HIGH RESISTANCE FOR DEGRADATION DUE TO GREEN ROT AND HYSTERESIS. THEY ARE MOST

COMMONLY USED IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES.

(a)  

A COMBINATION OF PLATINUM (13% RHODIUM) AND PLATINUM FORMS _ TYPE THERMOCOUPLE. THE

TEMPERATURE RANGE IS BETWEEN -50 TO 1768 °C. IT IS COSTLIER THAN S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE AS

IT CONTAINS A HIGHER PERCENTAGE OF RHODIUM. ITS HIGH ACCURACY AND STABILITY MAKE IT AN

IDEAL THERMOCOUPLE TO USED IN SULFUR RECOVERY UNITS.

(a)  

IT IS A COMBINATION OF PLATINUM (10% RHODIUM) AND PLATINUM. THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IS

BETWEEN -50 TO 1768 °C. S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE IS USED IN APPLICATIONS INVOLVING VERY HIGH

TEMPERATURES. THIS TYPE IS WIDELY USED ACROSS VARIOUS L INDUSTRIES.

(a)  

THE ALLOY COMBINATION IS OF PLATINUM (6% RHODIUM) AND PLATINUM (30% RHODIUM). THIS

THERMOCOUPLE EXHIBITS A TEMPERATURE RANGE BETWEEN 0 TO 1820 °C. IT IS MAINLY USED IN

APPLICATIONS EXECUTED AT EXTREMELY HIGH TEMPERATURES, SUCH AS GLASS PRODUCTION.

(a)  

THIS REQUIRE HIGH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. THE SENSOR TIP HAS TO BE

POSITIONED IN THE MOLTEN PLASTIC UNDER HIGH PRESSURE CONDITIONS.

THE THERMOCOUPLE MEASURES THE TEMPERATURE AND IS DIRECTLY INSTALLED INTO THE

PROCESS. THESE UNITS HAVE HIGH DEGREE OF ACCURACY, WITH A RAPID RESPONSE TIME, AND

CAN HAVE A TYPE K THERMOCOUPLE PROBE.

(a)  

ARE FORMED WHEN TWO ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS OF DISSIMILAR METALS OR

ALLOYS ARE JOINED AT ONE END OF A CIRCUIT. THERMOCOUPLES DO NOT HAVE SENSING ELEMENTS,

SO THEY ARE LESS LIMITED THAN RESISTIVE TEMPERATURE DEVICES (RTDS) IN TERMS OF MATERIALS USED AND CAN

HANDLE MUCH HIGHER TEMPERATURES. TYPICALLY, THEY ARE BUILT AROUND

BARE CONDUCTORS AND INSULATED BY CERAMIC POWDER OR FORMED CERAMIC.

(a)  

AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE USED TO DETERMINE THE TEMPERATURE BY MEASURING THE RESISTANCE OF AN

ELECTRICAL WIRE. THIS WIRE IS REFERRED TO AS A TEMPERATURE SENSOR.

(a)  

USE A _______ OF METAL ON A SUBSTRATE AS THE SENSING

ELEMENT. THE METAL USED IN THE ______ IS TYPICALLY PLATINUM

(a)  

IS A TYPE OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR THAT USES A WIRE MADE OF A

SPECIFIC METAL (USUALLY PLATINUM, NICKEL, OR COPPER) WOUND

AROUND A CERAMIC OR GLASS CORE

(a)  

CONSIST OF A WIRE COIL MADE OF A MATERIAL WITH A KNOWN TEMPERATURE

COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE, SUCH AS PLATINUM OR NICKEL.

(a)  

IT REFERS TO A SPECIFIC TYPE OF RTD SENSOR THAT USES

PLATINUM AS THE SENSING ELEMENT.

COMMONLY USED IN INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY APPLICATIONS

WHERE HIGH ACCURACY AND STABILITY ARE REQUIRED.

(a)  

CONSISTS OF TWO WIRES CONNECTED TO THE RESISTANCE ELEMENT.

THESE TWO WIRES ARE USED BOTH FOR SUPPLYING POWER TO THE RTD

AND FOR MEASURING THE RESISTANCE OF THE ELEMENT.

(a)  

THE RTD ELEMENT TO THE MEASURING

INSTRUMENT OR CONTROL SYSTEM. TWO OF THESE WIRES CARRY A CONSTANT CURRENT,

AND THE THIRD WIRE IS USED TO MEASURE THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE RTD

ELEMENT.

(a)  

IT HAS FOUR WIRES CONNECTED TO IT, TWO FOR CARRYING A CONSTANT CURRENT

AND TWO FOR MEASURING THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE RTD.

(a)  

A THERMALLY SENSITIVE RESISTOR THAT EXHIBITS A PRECISE AND PREDICTABLE CHANGE IN

RESISTANCE PROPORTIONAL TO SMALL CHANGES IN BODY TEMPERATURE.

RESISTANCE THERMOMETER OR AN INSTRUMENT SUCH AS A RESISTOR WHOSE RESISTANCE IS

BASED ON TEMPERATURE. THE TERM IS A COMPOSITION OF “RESISTOR” AND “THERMAL”

(a)  

ARE RESISTORS THAT

THE RESISTANCE INCREASES WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE.

(a)  

WHICH USE SILICON AS THE SEMICONDUCTING MATERIAL. THEY ARE USED AS PTC

TEMPERATURE SENSORS FOR THEIR LINEAR CHARACTERISTIC.

(a)  

HAS A HIGHLY NONLINEAR RESISTANCE-TEMPERATURE CURVE AND

WHEN HEATED, RESISTANCE STARTS TO DECREASE AT FIRST, UNTIL A CERTAIN CRITICAL TEMPERATURE

IS REACHED. AS THE TEMPERATURE IS FURTHER INCREASED ABOVE THAT CRITICAL VALUE, THE RESISTANCE

INCREASES DRAMATICALLY.

(a)  

REFERS TO THE RESISTANCE CHANGE BASED ON THE TEMPERATURE

CHANGE.

OPERATE BY DECREASING RESISTANCE AS

TEMPERATURE INCREASES.

(a)