In nomenclature for covalent compounds (a)   are used

▪ in the names of covalent compounds

▪ because two nonmetals can form two or more different compounds

• Occurs between two non-metals.

• Each provides an electron to the sharing relationship.

• The electron pair spends time with both nuclei so each feels like they have an octet.

(a)  

A __________ ________▪ is a group of atoms that share electrons only within the group▪ has an overall positive or negative charge

(a)  

A new type of ion

A cation or anion made up of several elements in coordinated covalent bond(s)

(a)  

Which transition metals & Group 14 metals only form 1 ion

(a)  

Most transition metals and Group 14 metals

▪ Form 2 or more (a)  

An ________ _______

▪ consists of positively and negatively charged ions

▪ is neutral overall charge▪ has charge balance (typically zero)

(a)  

▪ consist of positive and negative ions

▪ have attractions called ionic interactions between positively and negatively charged ions

▪ have high melting and boiling points

▪ are solid at room temperature

(a)  

(a)   :

▪ gains valence electrons

▪ form ions that are larger than their atoms

• 1:2000 Caucasians

• recessive

• caused by defective cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein(CFTR)

• a Cl- transporter in epithelial cells

(a)  

Some (a)   :

▪ achieve an octet arrangement by taking electrons from a metal

▪ form anions with 3–, 2–, or 1– charges

(a)   form cations

▪ by giving away their valence electrons to non-metals

▪ with the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas

▪ that have fewer electrons than protons

(a)   :

▪ the size of atoms increase when it becomes a negative ion

▪ form ions that are smaller than their atoms

when electrons are given, the atom attains a positive charge equal to the number of electrons given away and is a (a)  

when electrons are taken, the atom attains a negative charge equal to the number of gained electrons and is an (a)  

• of all the elements, only _____ _____ do not undergo chemical reactions

• _____ _____ have a full principle energy level

• _____ _____ have very high ionization energies

(ALL SAME ANSWER)

(a)  

involves a sharing of two electrons betweenatoms

(a)  

involves the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

– Formation of cations and anions

– There is not an actual bond formed!

(a)  

the force of attraction between atoms in a compound

(a)  

_________ _______- The combining of two or more light nuclei to produce a heavier nuclei

▪ Requires extremely high temperature (~100 million degrees K)

▪ Electrons and nuclei separate to form a plasma

▪ Responsible for the energy of our sun and stars

(a)  

made of boron or cadmium, absorb neutrons to control rate of nuclear reaction

(a)  

at least one new fission reaction is produced by each fission reaction that occurs; self-sustaining

(a)  

bombardment of a heavy nuclei eg. 235U or 239Pu resulting in 2 or more lighter nuclei

(a)  

Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( (a)   ):

▪ (unknown)

▪ Hydrogen atoms align in a strong magnetic field

▪ Energy is released and detected as the magnetic field is turned off

Computed Tomography (CT):

▪ (a)   beams directed at a tissue

▪ Tissues with different densities and fluids show different patterns

▪ Diagnose hemorrhage, tumor, etc.

Positron Emission Topography (PET) Scan:

▪ (a)   is commonly used

▪ Positrons combine with electrons to generate gamma rays that are detected. Can you write that reaction?

▪ A 3-D map can be generated

Radioisotopes with short half-lives are used in nuclear medicine because they

▪ have the same chemistry in the body as the nonradioactive atoms

▪ give off radiation that exposes a photographic plate (scan), giving an image of an organ

(a)  

The ____ _____ of a radioisotope is the time forthe radiation level to decrease (decay) to one-half of theoriginal value.

(a)  

- SI unit for human equivalent radiation dose

1 Sv = 100 rem

(a)  

- measures the biological damage caused by radiation

- Dependent on both the energy and penetrance of the radiation type

(a)  

____ (absorbed radiation)

– joules of radiation energy transmitted per kilogram (kg) of matter

1 ____ = 100 rad

(same answer)

(a)  

(a)   (radiation absorbed dose)

- measures the radiation energy absorbed by the tissue

(a)   (Bq)

- SI unit of radiation activity

1 Bq = 1 disintegrations/s

(Ci) - measures activity as the number of atoms that decay in one second

1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations/s

(a)  

Geiger counter detects ____________ and______________ radiation

(a)  

Radiation is measured with a

(a)  

Radioactive isotopes are produced

▪ when a stable nucleus is converted to a radioactive nucleus by bombarding it with a small particle

▪ in a process called (a)  

▪ energy is emitted from an unstable nucleus, indicated by m following the mass number

▪ the mass number and the atomic number of the new nucleus are for the same element

(a)  

▪ a proton is converted to a neutron and a positron

▪ the mass number of the new nucleus is the same, but the atomic number decreases by 1

(a)  

▪ is an electron emitted from the nucleus

▪ forms when a neutron in the nucleus breaks down

(a)  

When a radioactive nucleus emits an alpha particle, anew nucleus forms that has:

▪ a mass number 4 less than that of the initial nucleus

▪ an atomic number that has decreased by 2 from that of the initial nucleus

(a)  

(a)   represents the nuclear reaction

▪ The sums of the mass numbers and atomic numbers must be equal on both sides.

▪ When the atomic number changes, the element symbol changes to match.

▪ The type of radiation emitted will help you know what the new element will be.

__________ _________requires

▪ paper and clothing for alpha particles

▪ a lab coat or gloves for beta particles

▪ a lead shield or a thick concrete wall for gamma rays

▪ limiting the amount of time spent near a radioactive source

▪ increasing the distance from the source

(a)  

(a)   rays travel through solid objects

(a)   particles have less mass and travel farther

(a)   particles are heavy and do not travel fat

(a)   (y) ray is high-energy released from a nucleus

(a)   (B+) is a positive electron

(a)   (B) particle is a high-energy electron

(a)   (a) particle is two protons and two neutrons

▪ is the radiation emitted by an unstable atom

▪ takes the form of alpha particles, neutrons, beta particles, positrons, or gamma rays

(a)  

All isotopes with an atomic number greater than (a)   are radioactive

Atoms containing nuclei that spontaneously decompose into new nuclei

(a)  

Atoms containing nuclei that are stable and do not readily decompose into new nuclei

(a)  

A (a)   of an element

▪has an unstable nucleus

▪emits radiation to become more stable

▪can be one or more of the isotopes of an element

the only subdiscipline of chemistry where the composition of the nucleus changes

(a)  

The ionization energies of (a)   are high

The ionization energies of (a)   are low

Periodic Trends: (a)  

▪ is the energy it takes to remove a valence electron from an atom in the gaseous state

Na(g) + Energy (ionization) Na+(g) + e–

▪ decreases going down a group as the distance between the nucleus and valance electrons increases

Periodic Trend: (a)  

▪ is described using the atomic radius

▪ is the distance from the nucleus to the valence electrons

▪ indicates valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element

▪ of Mg shows two valence electrons as single dots on the sides of the symbol Mg

(a)  

▪ determine the chemical properties of the elements

▪ are the electrons in the outermost, highest energy level

▪ all the elements in a group have the same number of valence electrons

(a)  

▪ the symbol of the noble gas in brackets that represents completed sublevels

▪ the remaining electrons in order of their sublevels

Example: Chlorine has a configuration of1s22s22p63s23p5

(a)  

lists the electron sublevels filling in order of increasing energy

▪ uses superscripts to show the number of electrons in each sublevel

(a)  

▪Beginning at n = 2, every n has a p sublevel with three (a)  

▪ has a two-lobed shape

▪ increases in size as the value of n increases

▪ has a spherical shape around the nucleus

▪ increases in size around the nucleus as the energy level n value increases

▪ is a single orbital found in each s sublevel

(a)  

▪ is a three-dimensional space around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found

▪ has a shape that represents electron density (not a path the electron follows)

▪ can hold up to 2 electrons

▪ contains two opposite spine electrons

(a)  

The number of sublevels is equal to the value of the (a)   (n)

▪ are found within each energy level.

▪ are designated by the letters s, p, d, and f

▪ all electrons within a sublevel have the same energy

(a)  

▪ lines of different colors formed when light from a heated element passes through a prism

▪ photons emitted when electrons drop to lower energy level

(a)  

Electrons are arranged into energy levels with what symbol?

(a)  

▪ arranges forms of energy from lowest to highest

▪ arranges energy from longest to shortest wavelengths

▪ shows visible light with wavelengths from 700–400 nm

(a)  

Electromagnetic radiation moves at the speed of (a)   in a vacuum

Electromagnetic radiation is described in terms of ______ & _______

(a)  

Energy that travels as waves through space

(a)  

Number under each atom, usually going into decimals

(a)