A third method of converting from one physical state to another consisting of converting from a solid directly to a vapor without passing through the intermediate state.

The warming up of an air separation plant to ambient temperature, usually to evaporate and remove volatile contaminants.

Formation of a gas pocket in the inlet chamber of a cryogenic pump resulting when the temperature of the pumped liquid rises above its boiling point.

Cooling of a liquefied gas below its boiling point, usually to prevent evaporation loss and pump cavitation.

The process in which liquid moves down a distillation column and comes into close contact with vapors rising up the column, thereby stripping them of their less volatile components.

The process used to separate the components of a substance through differences in physical or chemical properties.

The process by which a liquid, containing a mixture of components, is boiled and the vapors condensed to yield a distillate (condensed vapors), which contains a greater concentration of the more volatile component than the original.

A term that describes a liquid that vaporizes quickly.

The gaseous state of a substance that is usually a liquid or a solid at atmospheric temperature and pressure.

A pale blue, transparent fluid with a boiling point of -297°F and a specific gravity of 1.14 at atmospheric pressure.

The change of state from a gas to a liquid.

The amount of heat (energy) required to change the state of a substance from a liquid to a solid (freezing) or from a solid to a liquid (melting).

The temperature at which a liquid boils under a given pressure.

The science that deals with the production of very low temperatures, particularly temperatures below -150°F (-101°C).

Energy producing work, all matter is made up of extremely small particles which are constantly in motion. They are held together by forces of attraction (bonding) which determine how a substance will react to external influences.

A thermometer scale based on absolute zero of the Celsius scale, in which the freezing point of the water is 273°K, and the boiling point of water is 373°K, under standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. It is also known at the International-Practical Scale.

The amount of heat (energy) require to change the state of a substance from a liquid to a vapor without a change in temperature.

Heat that is given off or absorbed by a substance while it is changing state without changing temperature.

Heat that is given off or absorbed by a substance without changing its state. Heat transfer that is reflected in a change of temperature.

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of a substance 1°F. Substances are compared to water has a specific heat of 1. All substances are compared to water's specific heat of 1 BTU/LB/1°F.

Removal of heat at the rate of 288,000 BTU's in 24 hours or 12,000 BTU's in one hour.

The amount of heat required to produce a temperature rise of 1°F in one pound of water.

The temperature of the air surrounding an object.

The amount of heat (energy) required to change the state of a substance from a vapor to a liquid without a change in temperature.

A thermometer scale based on absolute zero of the Fahrenheit scale, in which the freezing point of water is 492° and the boiling point is 672°R, under standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. It is also known as Fahrenheit's Absolute Scale.

A hypothetical temperature characterized by complete absence of molecular motion and, therefore, heat. It is approximately equivalent to -460°F or -273°C.

The temperature at which liquid boils under a given pressure.

a thermometer scale on which the boiling point of water is 100° and the freezing point is 0°.

A thermometer scale of measurement on which 32° is the freezing point of water and 212° is the boiling point of water.

A measure of the concentration of thermal energy (heat) in a body or substance.

The mass of a substance per unit of volume.

(Heat applied, volume up, ____ down)

If the temperature of the gas is increased, the kinetic energy of the gas particles increases and they move faster. Thus, the particles hit the inside surface of a container more often exerting a greater force.

(More heat, more ____)

Charles' Law states that under constant pressure ____ varies directly with temperature.

(As heat is applied, ____ increases.)

When you add heat to an object its temperature increases.

The fluid of a substance that can easily expand indefinitely and completely fill a container.

Readily flowing. Its molecules move freely with respect to each other so as to flow readily.

Colorless and odorless, it is not flammable but strongly supports and rapidly accelerates the combustion of all flammable material.

Tends to keep its form rather than flow or spread out. Relatively firm or compact.

A method of liquefying air by compressing the air and then expanding it through an expansion engine.

Expansion of a high pressure gas through an expansion valve to reduce temperature.

A mechanical system or apparatus that transfers heat from one substance to another.

A pressure test that uses water to detect leaks in a closed system.

A small opening that restricts flow, such as an orifice plate in a water system. Used in conjunction with differential pressure indicators to indicate flow rate.

One type of d/p gauge has two bourdon tubes, but only one pointer. The bourdon tubes are connected to indicate pressure difference, rather than either of the individual pressures. Another type uses two bellows connected together.

A vertical tapered glass tube, with a movable rotor inside. The rotor moves up and down on the rod with an increase or decrease in flow. The glass tube is marked to indicate the amount of flow.

The raw material for the production of liquid oxygen and nitrogen.

78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, and 0.93% argon. The remaining 0.03% consists of various gases, vapors, and particulate matter.

A process for removing adsorbed moisture, hydrocarbons, or other contaminants from air dryers and purifiers purging with hot dry gases.

A granular, adsorbing material used to dry high and low pressure gas streams.

A solid adsorber for water or carbon dioxide.

A solid that is capable of drying a fluid by adsorption of both gaseous and liquid water.

A material that has the ability to soak up or extract certain substances from a liquid or a gas with which is is in contact, without causing change to the fluid passing around the material.

A reciprocating or rotary engine that extracts energy form compressed air in the Claude Cycle, thereby refrigerating this air prior to liquefaction.

A method of liquefying air involving compression of the air and expansion of a portion of it through and expansion engine.

Expansion of high pressure gas through a valve or orifice to reduce its temperature.

A method of liquefying air, employed in all shipboard air separation plant that use Joules-Thomson expansion, heat exchange, and auxiliary refrigeration.

High Pressure Cycle means the same.

The process of various elements and compounds combining with oxygen. An example is the corrosion of metals.

An inert gas, lighter than air, and it does not form flammable or explosive mixtures with the air, now will it support combustion or respiration.

A colorless, transparent fluid with a boiling point of -320°F and a specific gravity of 0.808 at one atmospheric absolute.

The elements in Column VIII at the end of the periodic table are all gases at ordinary temperature and are chemically very unreactive.

A gas that does not react chemically with other substances. For shipboard fire protection applications, an inert gas must contain no more than three percent by volume of oxygen.

A gas that is stable and safe to handle as charged in solution in standard DOT cylinders. In the free gaseous state it is very unstable and likely to decompose violently.

A colorless, odorless gas 1.52 times heavier than air. It can be condensed into a colorless liquid and kept under pressure cylinders.

Also called laughing gas, this is one of several oxides of nitrogen. A colorless gas with a pleasant, sweetish smell and taste.

A percent by volume of the major constituent in a gas.

A unit of gas concentration referring to the number of volumes of a given material contained in one million, equal to 0.0001%.

The volume of any dry gas varies inversely with the applied pressure, provided the temperature remains constant.

V1 x P1 = V2 X P2

P1 / P2 = V2 / V1

By combining Boyle's Law and Charles' Law, a single expression can be derived which includes all the information combined in both. The product of the initial pressure, initial volume, and a new temperature of an enclosed gas is equal to the product of the pressure, new volume, and initial temperature.

P1 x V1 x T2 = P2 x V2 x T1

(P1x V1) / T1 = (P2 x V2) / T2

The volume of any dry gas varies directly with the applied temperature, provided the pressure remains constant.

V1 x T2 = V2 x T1

T2 / T1 = V2 / V1

The pressure exerted on the inner walls of a vessel is the sum of the pressure that each gas would exert if it was present alone.

P Total = P1 + P2 + P3 + etc

A variable such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, voltage, current, frequency, etc which may be indicated, monitored, checked or sensed in any way during operation or testing.

The amount of force distributed over each unit of area.

The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere. 14.696 PSI which is equivalent to 29.92 in of mercury at sea level.

The actual pressure, which includes atmospheric.

Pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure.

Pressure above atmospheric.

A unit of pressure equivalent to 1/1000 millimeters.

The pressure corresponding to the saturation temperature.

The amount of heat applied to a fluid to raise its temperature above saturation temperature, while maintaining a constant pressure.

The highest temperature at which a particular substance remains a liquid.

The pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.

A transfer of heat from one body to another when the two bodies are in physical contact.

The transfer of heat by the circulation of a liquid or a gas such as air. Might be a pump or a fan, or occur internally due to a heats gas or liquid rising and forcing the cooler gas downwards.

The transfer of heat in the form of waves similar to light and radio waves, without physical contact between the emitting and receiving regions.

The vapor content of the atmosphere.

The ratio of the weight of water vapor in a quantity of air to the weight of water vapor which that quantity of Ari would hold if saturated at the existing temperatures.

The action that takes place when a liquid changes to a vapor or a gas

The process of cooling the vapors to produce a denser form.

Speed in a definite direction

Energy derived from mechanical force or impact

Energy in motion producing work

What kind of kinetic energy is this?:

Work; energy in motion that you can see

What kind of kinetic energy is this?

The molecular motion inside an object that you cannot see

What is this an equation for?

°F = (°C x 1.8) + 32

What is this equation?

°C = (°F-32) / 1.8

What is this equation?

°R = °F - 460

What is this equation?

°R = °F + 460

What is this equation?

°C = °K -273

What is this equation?

°K = °C + 273

A thin walled tube bent into the shape of a "C", which tends to straighten out when pressure is exerted. As the tube straightens, it moves a pointer around a gauge dial. Most common used pressure gauge.

Makes use of the fact that two different metal expand differently. When one end of a straight strip is fixed in place, the other end tends to curve away from the side that has the greater coefficient of liner expansion when the strip is heated.

The amount of temperature change is detected by a millivolt meter calibrated in degree increments.

Two dissimilar metal wires joined together at one end with the other ends connected to an appropriate meter.

Consists of a hollow metal sensing bulb filled with a specified quantity of liquid or gas at one end of a small bore capillary tube and a pressure sensing device on the other end.

Physically similar to a distance reading thermometer in that it is composed of a fluid-filled measuring bulb, but the fluid with quickly vaporize with a temperature increase.

Delineates the temperature and required corresponding pressure needed to convert a liquid to solid or solid to liquid.

Delineates the corresponding pressures and temperatures needed to convert a liquid to a vapor or a vapor to a liquid.

Delineates the temperature and required corresponding pressure needed to convert a solid directly to a vapor without the intermediate liquid state or vice versa.

Intersection of the curves, representing the solid-gas, solid-liquid, and gas-liquid mixtures

Peak of the vaporization curve, temperature at which a liquid can no longer exist