Gives a clear picture of the individual dosage needs of the patient and facilitates optimal and cost-effective administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs.

used to monitor nociceptive stimuli and antinociceptive (analgesic) drug effects during surgery using the pulse photoplethysmographic amplitude and heart rate interval derived from pulse oximetry measurements

The goal of entropy monitoring is to ensure that patients are given appropriate levels of anesthesia so that recovery is faster

involves using electroencephalography—a strip of electrodes applied to the forehead—to assess the depth of general anesthesia in surgical patients.

A method of assessing the effect of certain anesthetic drugs on the brain's EEG.

combined with volatile anesthesia to minimize the dose for potent anesthesia

can be use as part of balance anesthesia to provide adequate paralysis of muscle for surgical access and also for intubation purposes.

combination of inhaled (nitrous oxide, vol liquids) or IV drugs (propofol, opioid) to causes reversible Loss of consciousness and Insensibility to painful stimul

- Combination of IV and inhaled drugs

- Used to take advantage of the favorable properties of each agent while minimizing their adverseeffects.

the patient have analgesia and also have amnesia without loss of consciousness

produce nalgesic and amnesic effect

- Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum)

- mainly used as adjuncts

-meaning additional therapy and combined with general anesthesia

- Part of balance anesthesia

An operation in which a small hole is made in the skull or a piece of bone from the skull is removed to show part of the brain.

To produce anesthetic effect kailangan mong ma block or inhibit ang excitatory neurotransmitter

A sedative–hypnotic used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia or sedation

agent for INDUCTION of anesthesia

Current formulation: 1% propofol in 10% soybean oil, 2.25% glycerol, 1.2% egg phosphatide

– hormone that is responsible to produce cortecosteroid hormone in our body. Ang tawag sa condition kapag mababa ang cortisol in the body that is known as addison’s disease

Potent ultra-short acting non-barbiturate hypnotic without analgesic property

Dose of 0.3 mg/kg will induce sleep that lasts for approximately 5 minutes

A sedative–hypnotic used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia or sedation

Potent ultra-short acting non-barbiturate hypnotic without analgesic property

– loss of ability to create new memories after the event that causes the amnesia

Primary Use- as premedication/preoperative. Cause anterograde amnesia decreased ability to retain new information. Patient cannot recall events that took place for some time after the drug was administered

Recovery: 30 minutes Dose-50mg test dose given with moderate rapidity

Use- PRE-ANESTHETIC agent for INDUCTION of anesthesia

Type of drug that is capable to stimulate the GABA receptors. Once na nastimulate ang GABA receptor the nexting that will happen is that maoopen ang Cl ion channel. Cl ion located outside will enter the cell mag uundego sya ng resting membrane potential.

– IV anesthesia which are obtained from natural sources specifically fom a plant known as the opium poppy. Opioids they are given together with general anesthesia to produce strong analgesic effect.

capable to induce anesthetic effect by means of sedation

ginagamit sya together with general na kailangan yung patient is conscious because ketamine nag po-produce ng general anesthetic effect without loss of conciousness.

Combined with inhalational what we called balanced anesthesia. They are combined to inhaled anesthesia to produce ideal properties and at the same time to minimize possibility of adverse effects and toxicity of those agents.

Several drugs are used intravenously, alone or in combination with other drugs, to achieve an anesthetic state (as components of balanced anesthesia) or to sedate patients in intensive care units who must be mechanically ventilated

Breakdown by CO2 absorbents generates heat and has resulted in sporadic operating room fires

Breakdown by CO2 absorbents generates heat and has resulted in sporadic operating room fires.

Diversion of blood flow via alternate routes or via reversed flow

Not recommended for induction of anesthesia in children

Bronchial irritation, laryngospasm & “Coronary steal syndrome”

Bronchial irritation, laryngospasm & “Coronary steal syndrome”

Least hepatotoxic and most nephrotoxic

Least hepatotoxic and most nephrotoxic

Causes electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns consistent with electrical seizure activity

most potent of all available inhalational anesthetics

Metabolized to fluoride and oxalic acid which causes renal dysfunction.

most potent of all available inhalational anesthetics

classified as depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that means it is capable to relax the skeletal muscle

PROTOTYPE first halogenated ether (non-flammable) IN VOLATILE INHALED ANESTHESIA

Type of general anesthesia that are liquid at room temperature pero nagiging gas sila at elevation of temperature

It is the only element in the periodic table with anesthetic property

It is an element, the only element that present in periodic table na nag po-produce ng anesthetic effect

This stage of anesthesia includes severe depression of the vasomotor center in the medulla as well as the respiratory center

This stage of anesthesia includes severe depression of the vasomotor center in the medulla as well as the respiratory center

Cessation of breathing to failure of circulation and death. Pupil is widely dilated, muscles are totally flabby pulse is thready or imperceptible and BP is very low.

Cessation of breathing to failure of circulation and death. Pupil is widely dilated, muscles are totally flabby pulse is thready or imperceptible and BP is very low.

Neurotransmitter that can stimulates CNS

Impaired excitatory transmission Inhibits the following neurotransmitter: EXCEPT

Type of neurotransmitter capable to cause CNS depressant effect.

Depth of anesthesia is independent upon the concentration of anesthetic in the central nervous system.

Measurement of the solubility of the inhaled anesthesia in blood.

Increase solubility means that there’s higher amount of anesthesia dissolves, and less remains as gas

The rank order for the inhaled anesthetics in terms of blood: gas: ASCENDING (LOW TO HIGH)

1. halothane

2. sevoflurane

3. desflurane

4. isoflurane

5. enflurane

6. nitrous oxide

means enlargement of red blood cells

Inhibits Vit B12 metabolism

condition that refers to the low oxygen level. To prevent hypoxia it is combined to 70% oxygen together with 30% of nitrous oxide

second gas effect (combined with other inhalational anesthesia)

This is the least toxic anesthetic (lowest blood: gas=fast removal)

Fast onset, but very explosive

Slow onset, very toxic

Slow onset, slow recovery, explosive

The greater the amount that is inhaled by the patient therefore the greater the concentration

- functional unit of lungs it is the small sack portion found in our lungs wherein doon nangyayare yung blood exchange of oxygen and as well as CO2 during the process of inhalation and expiration of air.

is currently described by the MAC.

general anesthesia with a very high blood to gas partition coefficient. And greater toxic effect.

Low pungency

Very pungent

Most widely used

Least hepatotoxic and most nephrotoxic

least pungent

have equal pungency in terms of their odor

The rank order for the inhaled anesthetics in terms of blood: gas: DESCENDING (HIGH TO LOW)

1. halothane

2. sevoflurane

3. desflurane

4. isoflurane

5. enflurane

6. nitrous oxide

NITROUS OXIDE

METABOLITE OF HALOTHANE THAT CAUSES CERATIN LIVER DAMAGE

TREATMENT FOR ALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA

pungent inhaled anesthasia (MOST PUNGENTTO LEAST PUNGENT)

1. enflurane= isoflurane

2. sevoflurane

3. desflurane

pungent inhaled anesthasia (LEAST PUNGENT TO MOST PUNGENT)

1. enflurane= isoflurane

2. sevoflurane

3. desflurane

Diversion of blood flow via alternate routes or via reversed flow

FLAMMABLE INHALED ANESTHESIA

TREATMENT FOR POISONING OR TOXICITY OF BENZODIAZEPENES

The goal is to ensure that patients are given appropriate levels of anesthesia so that recovery is faster