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Worksheets:)))
Total questions: 78
Worksheet time: 39mins
Hormones may be disseminated throughout the body by the?
Nervous system
Digestive system
Lymphatic system
Bloodstream
Which of the following is an example of autocrine secretion?
Gastrin made by pyloric G cells reaching their target cells in the fundic glands
Embryonic and regenerative tissue interactions
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) produced by several cell types may act on the same cells that produced it
A signaling molecule remains on the secreting cell’s surface or adjacent ECM and affects target cells when the cells make contact
Which of the following glands have ducts?
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Both endocrine and exocrine glands
Neither endocrine nor exocrine glands
How do endocrine glands secrete their products?
Through ducts
Into the interstitial fluid
Directly into the bloodstream
Into the lymphatic system
Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
Regulation of blood glucose level
Milk production in the mammary glands
Release of insulin in response to rising blood glucose levels
What is the major mechanism of hormone action?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Both positive and negative feedback
What happens when insulin is secreted in response to rising blood glucose levels?
Liver cells release glucose into the bloodstream
Liver cells take up glucose and store it as glycogen
Most body cells stop taking up glucose
Where is the pituitary gland located?
Above the brain
In the spinal cord
Below the brain in the sella turcica cavity
In the temporal lobe
What is the anterior pituitary also called?
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Hypothalamus
Infundibulum
What controls the secretion of all major pituitary hormones?
anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary
hypothalamus
Higher centers in the brain
What is the percentage of adenohypophysis accounted for by Pars distalis?
25%
50%
75%
100%
Which type of cells in Pars distalis store hormone in cytoplasmic granules?
Rathke’s cysts
Corticotrophs
Chromophobes
Chromophils
Which region of the adenohypophysis surrounds the infundibulum?
Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Rathke’s pouch
Which hormone is primarily secreted by corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland?
TSH
FSH
ACTH
GH
Which cells in the anterior pituitary gland are responsible for the secretion of both FSH and LH?
Thyrotrophs
Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Chromophobes
What is the major stimulus for the release of growth hormone?
Stress
Fasting
Deep sleep
High protein diet
What is the function of LH in females?
Aids in spermatogenesis
Helps Leydig cells to produce testosterone
Necessary for ovulation and final follicular growth
Causes synthesis of androgen, estrogen, and progesterone
Which hormone is responsible for aiding in spermatogenesis?
ACTH
FSH
TSH
LH
What is the main stimulus for uptake of iodide by the thyroid gland?
Thyroid hormone
TSH
ACTH
Prolactin
Which subunit of TSH carries the specific information to the binding receptors for the expression of hormonal activities?
β subunit
α subunit
γ subunit
δ subunit
What is the major inhibitor of prolactin?
Somatostatin
Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Which hormone aids in spermatogenesis?
LH
FSH
TSH
ACTH
When is the highest level of ACTH typically seen?
6:00AM to 8:00AM
9:00AM to 12:00PM
1:00PM to 3:00PM
6:00PM to 11:00PM
What are the two hormones regulated by the posterior pituitary?
TSH and ACTH
OT and ADH
GH and FSH
PRL and LH
What are the two nuclei in the hypothalamus where the cell bodies of specialized neurons are located?
Corticotrophs and thyrotrophs
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Gonadotrophs and basophils
Anterior and posterior nuclei
What is the function of oxytocin?
Promotes breast tissue development
Initiates and maintains lactation
Regulates serum osmolality
Inhibits the release of dopamine
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys
Regulates serum glucose levels
Stimulates the production of androgens
Controls thyroid hormone synthesis
What are the specialized, highly branched glial cells that support the axons in the posterior pituitary?
Pituicytes
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
What is the main function of oxytocin?
To stimulate growth hormone release
To regulate serum osmolality
To stimulate contraction of the gravid uterus
To regulate thyroid hormone production
What stimulates the release of oxytocin?
High levels of cortisol
Low levels of estrogen
Neural stimulation of receptors in the birth canal and uterus
Ingestion of protein-rich meals
When is oxytocin released in the body?
During deep sleep
During periods of stress
During lactation and delivery of the fetus
During the process of digestion
What is the Ferguson reflex?
Stimulation of muscle contraction during lactation
Stimulation of muscle contraction during birth
Stimulation of muscle contraction during exercise
In addition to stimulating contraction of the uterus, what other role does oxytocin play?
Regulating serum osmolality
Stimulating growth hormone release
Playing a role in hemostasis at the placental site
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
It promotes the production of urine
It regulates water balance by decreasing water reabsorption in the renal tubules
It decreases blood pressure
What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Arginine vasopressin (AVP)
Oxytocin
What is the physiological response to a decrease in blood pressure?
Increased production of ADH
Decreased production of ADH
Decreased production of oxytocin
What are some inhibitors of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Thyrotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and prolactin (PRL)
Arginine, vasopressin, and oxytocin
Ethanol, cortisol, lithium, and demeclocycline
What is the main function of ADH in the renal tubules?
It promotes sodium reabsorption
It promotes water reabsorption
It promotes potassium excretion
What are the hormones regulated by the thyroid gland?
T3 and T4 only
Calcitonin only
T3, T4, and calcitonin
What is the main function of thyroid peroxidase (TPO)?
Synthesis and secretion of calcitonin
Oxidation, organification of iodine, and coupling of MIT and DIT
Control of the activity of follicular cells
What are the functional units of the parenchyma?
Parafollicular cells
Basal lamina
Thyroid follicles
What is the shape of follicular cells in the thyroid gland?
Cuboidal
Squamous
Columnar
Spherical
What is the breakdown product of T3?
MIT
DIT
T4
What are the reference values of T3 in adults and children?
Adults: 60-160 µg/dl; Children: 105-245 ng/dl
Adults: 105-245 ng/dl; Children: 60-160 µg/dl
Adults: 1-10 ng/dl; Children: 10-50 ng/dl
What is the major fraction of organic iodine in the circulation?
T4
T3
Calcitonin
Thyroid peroxidase
What is the prohormone for T3 production?
T4
Calcitonin
T3
What are the reference values of T4 for adults?
60-160 µg/dl
5.5-12.5 µg/dl
11.8-22.6 µg/dl
What are the reference values of T4 for neonates?
11.8-22.6 µg/dl
5.5-12.5 µg/dl
60-160 µg/dl
What is the main function of calcitonin?
Increases blood calcium levels
Decreases blood calcium levels
Inhibits osteoblastic activity
How does calcitonin lower blood calcium levels?
By increasing osteoclastic activity
By decreasing the rate of decalcification of bone by osteoclastic resorption and by inhibiting osteoblastic activity
By inhibiting the rate of decalcification of bone by osteoclastic resorption and by stimulating osteoblastic activity
What is the control of calcitonin secretion dependent on?
Pituitary hormone levels only
Blood calcium levels only
Parathyroid hormone levels only
What is the role of calcitonin in relation to parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Agonist of PTH
Antagonist of PTH
Inhibitor of PTH secretion
How many parathyroid glands are there?
Two
Four
Eight
What is the origin of the parathyroid glands?
1st branchial pouch
2nd branchial pouch
3rd and 4th branchial pouches
What is the role of the chief cells in the parathyroid glands?
Secrete oxytocin
Secrete glucagon
Secrete PTH
Which type of cells in the parathyroid glands increase in number with age?
Oxyphil cells
Chief cells
Both chief and oxyphil cells
How does PTH indirectly affect calcium absorption in the small intestine
It inhibits vitamin D activation
It stimulates vitamin D activation
It inhibits calcium absorption in the small intestine
What is the other name for pineal gland?
Epiphysis cerebri
Thalamus
Epithalamus
What is the size of the pineal gland?
1-2 mm in diameter
3-5 mm in diameter
6-10 mm in diameter
What is the composition of pineal sand?
Calcium and magnesium phosphate in an organic matrix
Calcium and sodium phosphate in an inorganic matrix
Calcium and potassium phosphate in an organic matrix
What is the effect of darkness on melatonin release from pinealocytes?
It inhibits melatonin release
It promotes melatonin release
It has no effect on melatonin release
What is the function of melatonin?
It stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone
It induces rhythmical changes in endocrine activity
It inhibits the release of insulin
What is the medical use of melatonin analogs?
To treat sleep disturbance
To treat hypertension
To treat bacterial infections
How does melatonin affect body biorhythms?
It has no effect on body biorhythms
It promotes body biorhythms
Where are the adrenal glands located in the body?
Near the inferior poles of the kidneys
Near the superior poles of the kidneys
Attached to the liver
Which of the following is not a functional class of adrenal steroids produced by the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Estrogens
Sex hormones
Which layer of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone?
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Which of the following hormones is primarily produced by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Which hormone acts as a major regulator of salt balance?
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Epinephrine
Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis in many cells and glycogen synthesis in the liver?
Aldosterone
Noradrenaline
Cortisol
Which hormone suppresses many immune functions and can induce fat mobilization and muscle proteolysis?
Noradrenaline
Cortisol
Aldosterone
What stimulates the secretion of aldosterone?
Angiotensin II
ACTH
Increase in plasma K+ concentration
What is the effect of epinephrine on arteries of cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Dilates
Constricts
What is the main function of the endocrine pancreas?
Digestion of fats
Production of bile
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism
What is the name of the hormone secreted by the endocrine pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels?
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
How does insulin affect plasma glucose concentration?
Decreases it
Promotes glucose excretion
Increases it
What is the most common cause of growth hormone deficiency in children?
Genetic disorder
Pituitary tumor
Idiopathic growth hormone deficiency
In children with pituitary dwarfism, do they show any intellectual abnormalities?
Yes, they commonly have intellectual abnormalities
No, they show no intellectual abnormalities
It depends on the severity of the pituitary dwarfism
