SECONDARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS

PRIMARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS

TROPHOZOITES: Fine, centrally located karyosome, Endoplasm contains RBCs but no bacteria or cell detritus. Moves in one direction (unidirectional)

TROPHOZOITES: Large, eccentrically located karyosome, Endoplasm contain bacteria, yeasts, and cell detritus, Tries to move in several directions at the same time – sluggish motion

CYST: Coffin-shaped chromatoidal bars - Mature cyst with 4 nuclei

CYST: Splinter-like chromatoidal bars - Mature cyst with 8 nuclei

Blotlike karyosome; No chromatoidal bars and peripheral chromatin; May mimic D. fragilis, E. hartmann

Small-race E. histolytica; ID between E. histolytica/E. dispar is through size

Consistently uninucleated; chromatoidal bars are angular or pointed Endemic in Papua New Guinea

Basket nucleus; achromatic/refractile granules Large iodine-staining glycogen vacuole

Morphologically identical with Entamoeba histolytica and impossible to distinguish the two based on morphology alone. - Speciation requires specialized testing methodologies that include DNA probes and electrophoresis techniques designed to target enzymes

First detected in sewage - Morphologically indistinguishable from E. histolytica and E. dispar, but differs from them biochemically and genetically - Physiologically unique: it being osmotolerant, able to grow at room temperature (25-30°C optimum); able to survive at temperatures ranging from 0-41°C

NO CYSTIC STAGE; Only ameba that ingests WBC

Brain-eating ameba; Ameboflagellate (three forms: ameba, cyst, flagellate); Cysts NOT PRESENT in human tissue, trophozoites only are normally seen; Cultured in plates seeded with Escherichia coli

GRANULOMATOUS AMEBIC ENCEPHALITIS; Spine-like pseudopodia (acanthopodia) DOUBLE-WALLED CYST (OUTER WRINKLED, INNER POLYHEDRAL) BOTH cysts and trophozoites can be seen in tissue

Does not have a flagellated stage in the life cycle; THREE LAYERS IN CYST WALL: outer wrinkled, mesocyst, inner thin endocyst (using light microscopy, may appear to have two walls.

Binucleated; resembles E. nana cysts; Pear-shaped/ovoid/half-circle

BIRD’S BEAK APPEARANCE; CLEFTLIKE cytostome

LEMON-SHAPED/PEAR-SHAPED with clear, anterior, hyaline knob (NIPPLELIKE PROTRUSION); SHEPHERD’S CROOK cytostomal fibril; CORKSCREW MOTILITY

Most common cause of intestinal infection worldwide (Bailey’s). It is the most common protozoan pathogen and is worldwide in distribution. (Paniker’s)

Only pathogenic intestinal flagellate; Cyst: oval, ellipsoidal Pear-shaped/Teardrop-shaped/Heartshaped; 8 flagella; BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL; Spoon-shaped (side-view); FALLING-LEAF MOTILITY

BINUCLEATE TROPHOZOITES; NO CYSTIC STAGE; IRON-HEMATOXYLIN STAIN: stain of choice for chromatin granules; HAKANSSON PHENOMENON

HABITAT: INTESTINE - COSTA: AS LONG AS THE BODY - SPECIMEN OF CHOICE: STOOL; Ingestion of food and/or water contaminated with the trophozoites

HABITAT: ORAL CAVITY - COSTA: 2/3 THE BODY - SPECIMEN OF CHOICE: ORAL SCRAPINGS; Direct contact with oral secretions (kissing, sharing of utensils)

LARGEST (ONLY pathogenic Trichomonas) - COSTA: 1/2 OF THE BODY; PING-PONG DISEASE; Foul-smelling/frothy yellow or green discharge; STRAWBERRY CERVIX (punctate hemorrhages); CHICKEN-LIKE EPTHELIUM

Leishmania spp. INFECTIVE STAGE

Trypanosoma spp. INFECTIVE STAGE

Skin Test for Leishmania spp.

WEST AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS (Gambian Trypanosomiasis) Less severe

EAST AFRICAN SLEEPING SICKNESS (Rhodesian Trypanosomiasis) More fatal

Exist as the amastigote in humans and as the promastigote in the insect host; LEISHMAN-DONOVAN BODIES; May be confused with Histoplasma capsulatum

Agent of American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas’ Disease

VECTOR: Sandfly (Phlebotomus spp. & Lutzomiya spp.)

VECTOR: Tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans)

VECTOR: Tsetse fly (Glossina palpalis)

VECTOR: Triatoma spp. (kissing bugs, Reduviid bugs, Assassin bugs, cone nose bugs)

WEEPING LESIONS; Large ulcers in the oral or nasal mucosa areas (mucocutaneous) develop after the initial invasion of the RES.

New World Cutaneous; Characterized by a single pus-containing ulcer, which is generally selfhealing.

Old World Cutaneous; Thick plaques of skin, along with multiple lesions or nodules, usually result; DRY LESIONS

BLACK FEVER; Early stages of disease may resemble malaria or typhoid fever with the development of fever and chills.

Only human pathogen in Ciliophora; Largest parasitic protozoan; KIDNEY-SHAPED/BEANSHAPED MACRONUCLEUS DOT-LIKE MICRONUCLEUS; Beaker-like ulcer

Affects ONLY YOUNG RBCs; SERRATED/FIMBRIATED RBCs; HYPNOZOITES; JAMES’ DOTS

Affects ONLY RETICULOCYTES (YOUNG RBCs); ENLARGED RBCs; ROUND GAMETOCYTE; AMEBOID TROPHOZOITES; HYPNOZOITES; SCHUFFNER’S DOTS

BLACKWATER FEVER; AFFECTS ALL STAGES OF RBCs; CYTOADHERENCE; CEREBRAL MALARIA; BANANA-SHAPED/CRESCENT/SICKLE CELL-SHAPED; GAMETOCYTES; HEADPHONE-CONFIGURATION OF RING FORMS; MAURER’S DOTS

Most common in the Philippines

Most common in the World

5TH HUMAN MALARIAL PARASITE; EARLY STAGES RESEMBLE P. FALCIPARUM; LATER STAGES RESEMBLE P. MALARIAE

Benign Tertian Malaria: 48 hours

Quartan Malaria: 72 hours

Malignant Tertian Malaria: 36 hours

Simian Malaria

Causes Texas cattle fever/Red Water fever/Tick fever/Nantucket fever; MALTESE CROSS (DIAGNOSTIC TETRADS); HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY, HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA REDWATER FEVER (CATTLES)

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; CONGENITAL INFECTION; RETINOCHOROIDITIS CEREBRAL CALCIFICATIONS SABIN-FELDMAN DYE TEST; TORCH AGENT (T)

Only coccidial parasite that does not have an intermediate host ; OOCYST: 2 sporocysts with 4 sausage-shaped sporozoites

Man serves as the only host; OOCYST: 2 sporocysts with 2 sporozoites. Outbreaks from fresh produce (raspberries, basil, baby lettuce leaves)

Diarrhea in AIDS patients; Outbreaks from a municipal water supply; Associated with watery, frothy diarrhea with oocysts shed in feces

IMMEDIATELY INFECTIVE WHEN PASSED IN STOOL; Sarcocysts found in human skeletal and cardiac muscle

Previously considered to be a yeast but now reclassified to be a protozoan

Now considered a fungus; causes Atypical Interstitial Plasma Cell Pneumonia - One of the characteristic opportunistic infections seen in AIDS patients. - The leading cause of death in AIDS patient

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN (AIDS: starts from gastrointestinal tract). The most well-known member is Enterocytozoon bieneusi, which causes enteritis in AIDS patients. Other Microsporidia that has caused infections in humans include Encephalitozoon, Pleistophora, Microsporidium, and Nosema.