first historical European to sail around Africa and

reach India

the islands and neighboring countries in the

eastern part of the Mediterranean

a person involved in trade

centuries-long attempt by Christian Europe to

"reclaim" lands from Muslims or pagans--in the

Levant, in Spain, and in Eastern Europe

spearheaded Portuguese efforts at exploration--

with state backing

the Portuguese colony to first practice African

chattel slavery

first historical European to sail around Africa and

reach India

one of the original great motivators for Portuguese

attempts to reach Asia directly by sea

the final take-down of the Byzantine Empire by the

Ottoman Turks

first historical European to round the Cape of

Good Hope and briefly sail in Indian Ocean waters

one of the original great motivators for Portuguese

exploration of the African coastline

1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal that

established spheres of activity for each--with

Spain's in the west (the New World) and Portugal's

in the east (Africa and Asia)

ship, pioneered by the Portuguese, with lateen

sails--allowing it to sail against the wind