I was born a slave on a plantation in Franklin County, Virginia. I am not quite sure of the exact place or exact date of my birth, but at any rate I suspect I must have been born somewhere and at some time. As nearly as I have been able to learn, I was born near a cross-roads post-office called Hale’s Ford, and the year was 1858 or 1859. I do not know the month or the day. The earliest impressions I can now recall are of the plantation and the slave quarters—the latter being the part of the plantation where the slaves had their cabins.

Washington’s primary purpose in the text above is most likely

Though not the first to utilize encryption, Roman emperor Julius Caesar is perhaps the most notable early adopter. A man of many secrets, Caesar would send messages to his generals in which the letters of the alphabet had been shifted a set number of places (A became D, B became E, and so forth). The recipient of the message would be alerted to the cipher in advance and would thus decode the message upon delivery. The Caesar Shift was simplistic by today’s standards, but in an era in which very few could read in the first place, the encryption was effective.The text most strongly suggests that the encryption used by Julius Caesarwas successful in large part due to

Text 1

Many historians find that general trends tend to repeat themselves if you

look far enough back through the records of humanity. It truly can be said

that there is nothing new under the sun. Perhaps this is simply a function of

how long humans have been around, but perhaps it also says something

about just how similar all humans are, even across thousands of years.

Text 2

Studying fashion history is a lot like listening to remixes of your favorite

songs. As you examine textiles from around the world and through time,

you’ll constantly see that most “new”fashions are just old ideas remade.

And so, women’s high-waisted shirts from the early 2000s weren’t anything

new or different: they were simply 18th-century empire-style gowns

remixed for a new generation.

What best describes the relationship between the two texts?

FedEx and UPS now provide online tracking of packages for the

consumer. It is interesting to log on and see the journey that a purchase has

traveled to go from source to destination. Each time an arrival and a

departure are scanned, that item must be picked up by an employee, placed

on a moving belt to take to a sortation system, and then placed on another

vehicle for its next leg in the sojourn. Holiday seasons put these logistics

systems to a severe test each year, and companies in the business of

logistics are constantly investing in new ways to handle the information and

the items as they flow through the pipelines. Billions of dollars have been

invested in these types of service industries, and the activity behind the

scenes is something to behold.

The author’s attitude toward the process of logistical distribution can bestbe described as

Those who make a trade out of foretelling the future rarely grow rich. Their

attempts to deceive are too easily found out and arouse detestation. And yet

it would be necessary to detest them much, much more if they foretold the

future correctly. For a man’s life would become intolerable, if he knew what

was going to happen to him. He would be made aware of future evils, and

would suffer their agonies in advance, while he would get no joy of present

blessings since he would know how they would end. Ignorance is the

necessary condition of human happiness, and it must be admitted that on the

whole mankind observes that condition well. We are almost entirely

ignorant of ourselves, absolutely of others. In ignorance, we find our bliss,

in illusions, our happiness.

The main idea conveyed in the above monologue can best be summarized

as

Sense and Sensibility is an 1811 novel by Jane Austen. In the novel, Austen describes Marianne Dashwood’s ability to persuade others of the rightness of her artistic judgments, as is evident when Marianne visits with John Willoughby, a potential suitor: ______

Which quotation from Sense and Sensibility most effectively illustrates the claim?

Hip-hop pedagogy is a form of teaching that’s gaining popularity across school subjects. It involves incorporating hip-hop and rap music into lessons as well as using hip-hop elements when teaching other subject matters. For example, Quan Neloms’s students look for college-level vocabulary and historical events in rap songs. Researchers claim that in addition to developing students’ social justice awareness, hip-hop pedagogy encourages student success by raising students’ interest and engagement.

Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the underlined claim?

If the United States were to shift to a majority vote system, the way

presidential candidates campaign for office would fundamentally change.

Right now, candidates have little reason to bother campaigning in states that

typically go strongly for one political party. There is little logic in a

27

Republican trying to win New York, or a Democrat trying to win Texas.

Instead, candidates focus their energies on “swing states,” like Florida and

Ohio, that are relatively balanced along party lines. Floridians and Ohioans

currently receive far more candidate visits and attention than New Yorkers

or Texans. _____________________ This would ensure that all U.S.

citizens have an equal voice not just in theory but in reality.

Which sentence, if inserted in the underlined portion, would best strengthen

the argument of the paragraph by transitioning between the previous and the

following sentences?

That entire summer, I pounded baseballs. Swing and ping, swing and

ping, swing, and ping—_____________________ the interminable blunt-

force trauma of tens of thousands of baseballs had misshapen my Louisville

Slugger into something resembling more of a deformed soda can.

Which of the following completes the text with the most specific expression

of the great extent to which the narrator played and practiced baseball that

summer?

Birth order isn’t a one-size-fits-all theory; there are many loopholes and

exceptions. People can change, if they want to, through hard work.

____________ it can be helpful to understand the factors that influence

personalities, and birth order helps a little.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

While researching a topic, a student has made the following notes:

• The Heliocentric Model has the Earth and other planets revolving

around the sun.

• Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was a proponent of the

Heliocentric Model.

• The Geocentric Model has the sun and other planetary bodies

revolving around the Earth.

• Ancient Greek philosopher Ptolemy was a proponent of the

Geocentric Model.

• The Heliocentric Model eventually became dominant after

Copernicus demonstrated that it better utilized mathematics to

explain astronomical observations.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the Heliocentric and

Geocentric theories. Which choice most effectively uses relevant

information to accomplish this goal?

In addition to improving one’s intellectual abilities, the habit of reading

has an occupational and financial payoff. Sixty-three percent of employers

rate reading comprehension as being very important. There is a strong

correlation between poor reading skills and unemployment, lower wages,

and fewer opportunities for advancement.

The author is considering removing the underlined sentence from the text.

Should it be kept or removed?

Sociologically, sports unite us far more than they divide us. Take,_________ Americans and football. Regardless of where you’re from, whatyou believe, or what team you like, when it’s football season you canconnect with other people, even strangers, through this unifying agent.Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

Halley’s Comet falls into a category called Great Comets, which are

those that become bright enough during their passage near Earth to be

observed by the naked eye. Predicting whether a comet will be “Great” has

proven a challenging task even for the most talented astronomers and

astrophysicists. The comet must pass through a relatively small expanse of

space near enough to the sun to reflect a large amount of light but remain

close enough to Earth for the light to reach and penetrate our atmosphere.

Moreover, it is thought that a Great Comet must possess a large and active

nucleus, though the exact physics of comet nuclei— which consist of dust,

ice, and perhaps particulate minerals—are still poorly understood. Even so,

comets meeting these criteria have on occasion failed to achieve

“greatness.”

According to the text, which characteristic of a comet is most essential to its

being categorized as a “Great Comet”?

A new approach was required before color photography could emerge

as a truly viable artistic and documentary medium. Such an approach was

theorized just ten years later. While Hill’s and Becquerel’s labors had

emphasized the search for a novel, chameleonic compound to assume any

spectral wavelength shown upon it, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell

used as his model the color sensitivity of the human eye.

The text suggests that Maxwell was able to make a scientific breakthrough

in photographic technology by shifting his focus from

Bacteriostatic antibiotics are often prescribed to patients who have an

intact immune system that can assist in killing the microorganism causing

the infection. Allowing the innate immune system to do some of the work

decreases the length of time the patient needs to be on the antibiotic, which

can help eliminate some of the unwanted side effects. In contrast,

bactericidal drugs are prescribed when the patient may be

immunocompromised (i.e., the natural immune system is not functioning

properly) and cannot fight off the infection. Depending on the severity and

type of infection, a doctor may select a narrow- or broad-spectrum

bactericidal drug.

It is reasonable to conclude from the text that a bacteriostatic medicine and

a bactericidal medicine would be optimally used on patients in which of the

following respective situations?

Mabel Osborne” is a 1915 poem by Edgar Lee Masters in which thenarrator expresses her sorrow at being ignored by other people. Whichquotation from “Mabel Osborne” most effectively illustrates that claim?

Digital paywalls restrict access to online content to those with a paid subscription. In an investigation of the effect of paywalls on newspaper company revenues for print and digital subscriptions and advertising, Doug J. Chung and colleagues compared actual outcomes (with a paywall) to control estimates (without a paywall). The researchers concluded that introducing a paywall is generally more beneficial for larger newspapers, which have high circulation and tend to offer a substantial amount of unique online content.Which choice best describes data from the table that support Chung and colleagues' conclusion?

In 2022, researchers rediscovered ancient indigenous glyphs, or drawings, on the walls of a cave in Alabama. The cave's ceiling was only a few feet high, affording no position from which the glyphs, being as wide as ten feet, could be viewed or photographed in their entirety. However, the researchers used a technique called photogrammetry to assemble numerous photos of the walls into a 3D model. They then worked with representatives of tribes originally from the region, including the Chickasaw Nation, to understand the significance of the animal and humanoid figures adorning the cave.

According to the text, what challenge did the researchers have to overcome to examine the glyphs?

Artist Justin Favela explained that he wanted to reclaim the importance of the piñata as a symbol in Latinx culture. To do so, he created numerous sculptures from strips of tissue paper, which is similar to the material used to create piñatas. In 2017, Favela created an impressive life-size piñata-like sculpture of the Gypsy Rose lowrider car, which was displayed at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California. The Gypsy Rose lowrider was famously driven by Jesse Valadez, an early president of the Los Angeles Imperials Car Club.

According to the text, which piece of Favela's art was on display in the Petersen Automotive Museum in 2017

Off-off-Broadway theaters emerged in the late 1950s as a rebellion against mainstream Broadway theaters in New York, freeing artists to create productions that were more experimental than typical Broadway shows. One such artist was playwright María Irene Fornés. Working with off-off Broadway theaters enabled Fornés not only to direct her own plays but also to direct them exactly as she intended them to be staged, regardless of how strange the results might have seemed to audiences accustomed to Broadway shows. In this way, Fornés ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

Many films from the early 1900s have been lost. These losses include several films by the first wave of Black women filmmakers. We know about these lost movies only from small pieces of evidence. For example, an advertisement for Jennie Louise Touissant Welcome's documentary Doing Their Bit still exists. There's a reference in a magazine to Tressie Souders's film A Woman's Error. And Maria P. Williams's The Flames of Wrath is mentioned in a letter and a newspaper article, and one image from the movie was discovered in the 1990s.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?