The three most famous Greek philosophers were Socrates, Aristotle, and (a)   .

Early Romans were divided into ​ (a)   classes: patricians and plebeians. The ​ ​ (b)   were Rome's ruling class. Patricians were wealthy landowners. They came from Rome's oldest and most prominent families. Most Romans, however, were ​ (c)   ​. Plebeians were not as wealthy as the patricians. In some cases, they were very ​ (d)   Plebeians included artisans, shopkeepers, and owners of small ​ (e)   .

The head of the Roman government, similar to our President, was called a (a)   .

Like other people of the ancient world, the Greeks believed in gods and goddesses. The Greeks, however, did not think of their gods as ​ (a)   beings. In Greek ​ (b)   , the gods have great powers, but they look and act like human beings. In Greek mythology, they marry and have ​ (c)   . At times, they act like children, playing tricks on each other. Because the gods showed ​ (d)   qualities, the Greek people did not fear them. Greeks believed that the 12 most important gods and goddesses lived on Mount​ (e)   , Greece's highest mountain.

In the Illiad, a prince of Troy falls in love with Helen, the wife of a Greek king, and kidnaps her. The kidnapping angers the Greeks, who attack ​ (a)   in revenge. The Greeks, however, cannot break through the thick walls surrounding the city. In order to get into the city, the Greeks ​ (b)   the Trojans and construct a huge, hollow wooden ​ (c)   . The finest Greek soldiers ​ (d)   inside the horse. All the other Greek soldiers board ​ (e)   and sail away.

In 44 BC, (a)   declared himself dictator for life of the Roman government (last name only).

In 79 AD, Mount (a)   erupted, engulfing the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in lava and ash. This provided historians with important clues about daily life in the Roman Empire.

During the reign of Augustus "Octavian" Caesar, Rome experienced a time of peace and prosperity called ___ ____.

(a)  

Both Greece and Rome were classical civilizations who built their empires around the (a)   Sea.

Tullius immediately grabbed Caesar by the ​ (a)   , on both shoulders; at which Caesar cried out, "Violence is meant!" and Cassius ​ (b)   him a little below the throat. Caesar grabbed him by the arm and tried to rush forward, but was stopped by another wound. Finding himself now attacked on all sides by ​ (c)   , he wrapped the toga about his head. He was stabbed with ​ (d)   wounds, uttering a groan only, but no cry, at the first wound. Although some authors relate that when Marcus ​ (e)   fell upon him, he cried out, "What! art thou, too, one of them? Thou, my son!