The process whereby identical cells produced by cell division begin to specialize into specific cell types such as muscle cells, liver cells, or bone cells

(a)  

The process whereby cells identify where they are in three-dimensional space to define body axes such as anterior and posterior, dorsal and ventral, and medial and lateral

(a)  

Molecules that are localized in specific cytoplasmic regions of the unfertilized egg or zygote and affect cell fate decisions by segregating into different embryonic cells and controlling distinct gene activities in these cells

(a)  

The process by which embryonic cells are started down the pathway to differentiation signaling molecules that are recognized by cell surface receptors on nearby cells and initiate a signal transduction pathway

(a)  

They produce proteins that act as transcription factors to produce proteins specific to the function of the particular cell type. They are often capable of changing some fully differentiated cells of different types into their particular cell type

(a)  

The commitment of a cell to a particular path of differentiation, even though there may be no morphological features that reveal this determination

(a)  

A biological process that causes a tissue or organ to develop its shape by controlling the spatial distribution of cells during embryonic development

(a)  

The three-dimensional arrangement of differentiated cells necessary to produce a fully functional organism

(a)  

Genes from the mother that when mutated, generate mutant phenotypes in the offspring regardless of the offspring’s genotype

(a)  

Molecular instructions for current and future cells that tell those cells where they are in relation to the three body axes

(a)  

The mechanism by which initially equivalent cells in a developing tissue in an embryo assume complex forms and functions

(a)  

A substance that provides positional information by means of a concentration gradient

(a)  

Genes with normal functions in the cell cycle that are capable of malfunctioning and contributing to the development of cancer

(a)  

A mutated gene that has the potential to cause cancer

(a)  

Movement of entire sections of chromosomes, or (a)   , can result in proto-oncogenes being situated near an active promoter, resulting in overexpression of the gene

Amplification of proto-oncogenes through (a)   can result in multiple copies of the gene and overexpression of the gene product

Point mutations in the _____ or _____ regulatory regions could increase the expression of the gene, or a point mutation in the ______ could result in a novel protein that is not as easily controlled as the normal protein

(a)  

Work in tandem with proto-oncogenes by inhibiting cell division; typically monitor critical steps in cell division and prevent the cell from continuing the cycle until the step has been completed successfully

(a)  

An example of a proto-oncogene that can cause cancer when mutation causes a disruption in the normal signal transduction pathway. This protein initiates the production of transcription factors in the nucleus through a signal transduction pathway in response to signals from external growth factors. Mutant forms of the protein activate transcription factor production in the absence of an external signal from a growth factor, leading to increased cell division

(a)  

A tumor-repressor gene that responds to a number of cellular signals including damaged DNA. The gene activates other genes that halt the cell cycle, produce miRNAs (microRNAs), turn on DNA repair genes, and if necessary, the gene activates a group of genes that result in cell death, all to prevent the cell from passing on mutations to future cells

(a)  

A mutation with a phenotype leading to death of an embryo or larva

(a)  

Any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells

(a)