In the area of language learning, beliefs refer to:

Refers to an individual’s natural, and preferred way of absorbing, processing, and retaining new information and skills.

Which one is not an effective factor?

A language used for specific, formal functions only

The following indicators are used to describe language learner knowledge, except for...

A period of growth in which full native competence is possible when acquiring a language.

The perception that emphasizes the description of different levels of output: - Phonology (sound system) - Morphology (composition of words) - Syntax (grammar rules) - Semantics (meaning) - Lexicon (vocabulary)

It was used to identify areas of interference that lead to errors in the L2.

In 'S - R - R', the second R refers to .......

Transfer of elements acquired in L1 to the target L2, has_______ types.

An approach in which L2 learner’s errors are analyzed and described in order to understand where they are in the process of constructing the rules of the L2.

Languages have only a relatively small number of essential rules which account for their basic sentence structures. Who said that?

All of the following points are assumptions related to the nativism hypothesis, except for ....

Refers to the intermediate (and dynamic) stage of a learner’s language as s/he moves toward acquiring the L2.

Interlanguage (IL) is characterized as ..................

Monitor Model has ______ hypotheses.

Term used by Chomsky for a “component of the human mind” that accounts for children’s innate knowledge of language.

The question of how children achieve the final state of L1 development with ease when the linguistic system is very complex and their cognitive ability is not fully developed

Based on the UG theory the second stage of L1 development is ......

An approach to SLA which has been formulated within Chomsky’s Minimalist Program, considers IL development as the progressive mastery of L2 vocabulary along with the morphological features (which specify word form) that are part of lexical knowledge.

An approach that focuses on the information content of utterances, and considers language as a system of communication.

The functional approach has ______ sub-approaches.

A model for analyzing language in terms of the interrelated systems that are available for expressing meaning, it explains everything related to language acquisition –even grammar- based on meaning.

It involves the classification of languages and their features into categories.

Universal functions of language according to the systemic linguistics approach are _____ functions.

According to the systemic linguistics approach the function used to learn about the world is the ......

A functional approach which has been applied to the description and analysis of interlanguage. One of its basic concepts is grammaticalization.

A functional approach that focuses on utterance structure.

According to the information organization functional approach, there are ___ developmental levels.

A psychological theory of second language acquisition that views the process of second language acquisition as a complex, interconnected, and changing system.

Motivation resulting from a practical value of L2 learning.

Situation-specific Anxiety includes ......

An approach established by Vygotsky which claims that interaction not only facilitates language learning but is a causative force in acquisition.

The inner speech that more mature individuals use to control thought and behavior.

When native speakers speak to non-native speakers, they often modify their speech into what is called ......

BALLI consists of four major areas.

Learners' beliefs about language learning are not connected to their anxiety.

One example of the cognitive learning styles is the visual learning style.

One example of the perceptual learning styles is the aural learning style.

Aptitude can predict success in learning.

By the time a child is 5 months old, they will have produced every sound in their L1 & almost every sound of the languages they hear spoken around them.

Children may differ in their rate of L1 acquisition even though the order or sequence of acquisition does not vary.

There are 5 main approaches to study SLA.

The easiest L2 structures are those which exist in L1 with the same form, meaning, and distribution and are thus available for positive transfer.

Errors are slips of the tongue.

A reduced system refers to the use of less complex grammatical structures that typically occur in an IL compared to the target language.

Transformational Grammar is about generating a limited number of acceptable sentences in one particular language

Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) is a part of the theory of generative grammar, especially of natural native languages.

The principles and parameters Model adds distinctions between lexical and functional category development.

The head direction is an example of the parameters.

The unmarked feature occurs more frequently than any element in the same category.

Young learners have more inhibitions compared to older learners.

Gender interacts with too many other factors like age, motivation, social class, and ethnicity/culture.

Aptitude is related to motivation, but they are not the same thing at all.

Associative memory capacity is the ability to recognize the grammatical functions of words in sentences.

Phonemic coding ability is the ability to handle sound-symbol relationships.

Some anxiety can facilitate language learning.

Extroverts are quiet and prefer individual (non-social) activities.

Macrosocial factors deals with the potential effects of different immediately surrounding circumstances.

Communicative Competence refers to what a speaker needs to know to communicate appropriately within a particular language community.

All languages are learnable, and all L2s are equally easy for speakers of particular L1s to acquire.

Younger learners generally have an advantage in brain plasticity.

The L2 system is never exactly the same as the native.