When all those regional wars of independence failed, Indonesian nationalists began thinking of a more organized struggle against Dutch colonialism. The move began with the founding of Boedi Oetomo by Dr. Soetomo on 20 May 1908. This organization of Indonesian intellectuals was initially set up for educational purposes but later turned into politics.

In 1911, Sarekat Dagang Islam (the Society of Moslem Entrepreneurs) was formed by Haji Samanhudi and others. Its objective was at first to motivate and to promote Indonesian business in the Dutch East Indies. However, in 1912, this organization turned into a political party and was renamed Sarekat Islam.

In December 1912, Partai Indonesia was founded by Douwes Dekker with Dr. Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Ki Hajar Dewantoro (Suwardi Suryaningrat). The aim of the party was to strive for complete independence of Indonesia. All three leaders of the party were exiled by the colonial government in 1913.

In 1924, Perhimpunan Mahasiswa Indonesia (the Indonesian Students Association) was formed by Drs. Mohammad Hatta, Dr. Sukiman and others. This organization became a driving force of the nationalist movement to gain independence.

When was the three leaders of Partai Indonesia exiled by the colonial government?

In 7th-century Arabia, the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, claimed to have received the will of Allah through the angel Gabriel. Muhammad’s revelations (wahyu), eventually collected into an Arabic-language book called the Qur'an (Koran), provided the framework of Islamic governments. To spread the word of Allah, Muhammad instructed his followers to engage in military conquest. Muhammad and his Umayyad and Abbasid successors who occupied the caliphate, the office of supreme leader of the Muslims, spread Islam from India to Spain. The caliphate presided over the Islamic states, whose culture combined Byzantine, Persian, Babylonian, and Indian elements. A key link between them was the Arabic language, which all shared through the Qur’an.

Muslim traders exposed Indians to Islam during the 8th century, a period of anarchy on the Indian subcontinent. During the 11th and 12th centuries Muslim Turks and Afghans repeatedly raided India, destroying Hindu and Buddhist centers, until the founding of the Delhi sultanate in the early 13th century. By the time the Mongols captured Baghdād from the Abbasids in 1258, Islam had already taken root in India. Although slowed by Mongol invasions, the sultanate continued Muslim expansion in India.

What is the text about?

In 7th-century Arabia, the prophet of Islam, Muhammad, claimed to have received the will of Allah through the angel Gabriel. Muhammad’s revelations (wahyu), eventually collected into an Arabic-language book called the Qur'an (Koran), provided the framework of Islamic governments. To spread the word of Allah, Muhammad instructed his followers to engage in military conquest. Muhammad and his Umayyad and Abbasid successors who occupied the caliphate, the office of supreme leader of the Muslims, spread Islam from India to Spain. The caliphate presided over the Islamic states, whose culture combined Byzantine, Persian, Babylonian, and Indian elements. A key link between them was the Arabic language, which all shared through the Qur’an.

Muslim traders exposed Indians to Islam during the 8th century, a period of anarchy on the Indian subcontinent. During the 11th and 12th centuries Muslim Turks and Afghans repeatedly raided India, destroying Hindu and Buddhist centers, until the founding of the Delhi sultanate in the early 13th century. By the time the Mongols captured Baghdād from the Abbasids in 1258, Islam had already taken root in India. Although slowed by Mongol invasions, the sultanate continued Muslim expansion in India.

Why did Muhammad instruct his followers to engage in military conquest?

The Supersemar, the Indonesian abbreviation for “Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret” ( Order of March the Eleventh), was a document signed by the Indonesian President Sukarno on 11 March 1966.

It is said that it was giving the army commander Lt. General Soeharto authority to take whatever measures he ”deemed necessary” to restore order to the chaotic situation during the Indonesian killings of 1965-1966.

The abbreviation of “Supersemar” is a play on the name of Semar, the mystic and powerful figure who commonly appears in Javanese mythology including wayang puppet shows. The invocation of Semar was presumably intended to help draw on Javanese mythology to lend support to Soeharto’s legitimacy during the period of the transition of authority from Soekarno to Soeharto.

What is actually Supersemar?

Bandung as Sea of Fire was a fire that occurred in the city of Bandung on March 24, 1946. Within seven hours, about 200,000 residents of Bandung burned their homes.

British troops as part of the Brigade MacDonald arrived in Bandung on October 12, 1945. Bandung was deliberately burned by TRI and local people. There were black smoke billowing high into the air everywhere. The British Army began to attack so fierce. The greatest battle happened in the Village name Dayeuh Kolot, in South Bandung, where there were a large ammunition depot belonging to British. In this battle, Barisan Rakyat Indonesia destroyed the ammunition depot.

The strategy to fire Bandung was considered because the power of TRI and people’s militia was not comparable to the British forces and NICA. This incident inspired to create the famous song “Halo Halo Bandung”. To remember what they did and struggled, they built the Bandung Lautan Api monument.

Whats is the text about ?

Bandung as Sea of Fire was a fire that occurred in the city of Bandung on March 24, 1946. Within seven hours, about 200,000 residents of Bandung burned their homes.

British troops as part of the Brigade MacDonald arrived in Bandung on October 12, 1945. Bandung was deliberately burned by TRI and local people. There were black smoke billowing high into the air everywhere. The British Army began to attack so fierce. The greatest battle happened in the Village name Dayeuh Kolot, in South Bandung, where there were a large ammunition depot belonging to British. In this battle, Barisan Rakyat Indonesia destroyed the ammunition depot.

The strategy to fire Bandung was considered because the power of TRI and people’s militia was not comparable to the British forces and NICA. This incident inspired to create the famous song “Halo Halo Bandung”. To remember what they did and struggled, they built the Bandung Lautan Api monument.

What can we learn?

Bandung as Sea of Fire was a fire that occurred in the city of Bandung on March 24, 1946. Within seven hours, about 200,000 residents of Bandung burned their homes.

British troops as part of the Brigade MacDonald arrived in Bandung on October 12, 1945. Bandung was deliberately burned by TRI and local people. There were black smoke billowing high into the air everywhere. The British Army began to attack so fierce. The greatest battle happened in the Village name Dayeuh Kolot, in South Bandung, where there were a large ammunition depot belonging to British. In this battle, Barisan Rakyat Indonesia destroyed the ammunition depot.

The strategy to fire Bandung was considered because the power of TRI and people’s militia was not comparable to the British forces and NICA. This incident inspired to create the famous song “Halo Halo Bandung”. To remember what they did and struggled, they built the Bandung Lautan Api monument.

How was the Bandung as Sea of Fire!

On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States. It demoralized the spirit of the Japanese army in the world. The following day, The Committee for Indonesian Independence confirmed the wish to achieve the Independence of Indonesia. On August 9, 1945, the second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, causing the Japanese surrendered to the United States and its allies.

On 14 August 1945, Japan formally surrendered to the Allies on board the USS Missouri. hearing this,a young group urged elderly to immediately proclaim the independence of Indonesia. However, the elderly did not want group did want to rush. Some consultation was conducted in days of meeting. They then prepared the text of the proclamation of Indonesian Independence.

The next morning ,on 17 August 1945, Soekarno read the text of the proclamation of Indonesia independence. Then the flag of Indonesia was raised-followed by a speech by Soewirijo, deputy mayor of Jakarta. It was the mark of the The next morning ,on 17 August 1945, Soekarno read the text of the proclamation of Indonesia independence. Then the flag of Indonesia was raised-followed by a speech by soewirijo, deputy mayor of Jakarta. It was the mark of the independence of a country.

What is not the background event?

On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States. It demoralized the spirit of the Japanese army in the world. The following day, The Committee for Indonesian Independence confirmed the wish to achieve the Independence of Indonesia. On August 9, 1945, the second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, causing the Japanese surrendered to the United States and its allies.

On 14 August 1945, Japan formally surrendered to the Allies on board the USS Missouri. hearing this,a young group urged elderly to immediately proclaim the independence of Indonesia. However, the elderly did not want group did want to rush. Some consultation was conducted in days of meeting. They then prepared the text of the proclamation of Indonesian Independence.

The next morning ,on 17 August 1945, Soekarno read the text of the proclamation of Indonesia independence. Then the flag of Indonesia was raised-followed by a speech by Soewirijo, deputy mayor of Jakarta. It was the mark of the The next morning ,on 17 August 1945, Soekarno read the text of the proclamation of Indonesia independence. Then the flag of Indonesia was raised-followed by a speech by soewirijo, deputy mayor of Jakarta. It was the mark of the independence of a country.

What happened before 14 August 1945?

Long, long ago, when the gods and goddesses used to mingle in the affairs of mortals, there was a small kingdom on the slope of Mount Wayang in West Java. The King, named Sang Prabu, was a wise man. He had an only daughter, called Princess Teja Nirmala, who was famous for her beauty but she was not married. One day Sang Prabu made up his mind to settle the matter by a show of strength.

After that, Prince of Blambangan, named Raden Begawan had won the competition. Unfortunately, the wicked fairy, Princess Segara fell in love with Raden Begawan and used magic power to render him unconscious and he forgot his wedding. When Sang Prabu was searching, Raden Begawan saw him and soon realized that he had been enchanted by the wicked fairy. The fairy could not accept this, so she killed Raden Begawan. When Princess Teja Nirmala heard this, she was very sad. So a nice fairy took her to the Kahyangan.

Which one of the following statements is false about Sang Prabu?

Long, long ago, when the gods and goddesses used to mingle in the affairs of mortals, there was a small kingdom on the slope of Mount Wayang in West Java. The King, named Sang Prabu, was a wise man. He had an only daughter, called Princess Teja Nirmala, who was famous for her beauty but she was not married. One day Sang Prabu made up his mind to settle the matter by a show of strength.

After that, Prince of Blambangan, named Raden Begawan had won the competition. Unfortunately, the wicked fairy, Princess Segara fell in love with Raden Begawan and used magic power to render him unconscious and he forgot his wedding. When Sang Prabu was searching, Raden Begawan saw him and soon realized that he had been enchanted by the wicked fairy. The fairy could not accept this, so she killed Raden Begawan. When Princess Teja Nirmala heard this, she was very sad. So a nice fairy took her to the Kahyangan.

Why the wicked fairy did used her magic to make Raden Begawan unconscious?

Long, long ago, when the gods and goddesses used to mingle in the affairs of mortals, there was a small kingdom on the slope of Mount Wayang in West Java. The King, named Sang Prabu, was a wise man. He had an only daughter, called Princess Teja Nirmala, who was famous for her beauty but she was not married. One day Sang Prabu made up his mind to settle the matter by a show of strength.

After that, Prince of Blambangan, named Raden Begawan had won the competition. Unfortunately, the wicked fairy, Princess Segara fell in love with Raden Begawan and used magic power to render him unconscious and he forgot his wedding. When Sang Prabu was searching, Raden Begawan saw him and soon realized that he had been enchanted by the wicked fairy. The fairy could not accept this, so she killed Raden Begawan. When Princess Teja Nirmala heard this, she was very sad. So a nice fairy took her to the Kahyangan.

What do you think will happen if gods or goddesses cannot mingle in the affairs of people in the earth at that time?

Long, long ago, when the gods and goddesses used to mingle in the affairs of mortals, there was a small kingdom on the slope of Mount Wayang in West Java. The King, named Sang Prabu, was a wise man. He had an only daughter, called Princess Teja Nirmala, who was famous for her beauty but she was not married. One day Sang Prabu made up his mind to settle the matter by a show of strength.

After that, Prince of Blambangan, named Raden Begawan had won the competition. Unfortunately, the wicked fairy, Princess Segara fell in love with Raden Begawan and used magic power to render him unconscious and he forgot his wedding. When Sang Prabu was searching, Raden Begawan saw him and soon realized that he had been enchanted by the wicked fairy. The fairy could not accept this, so she killed Raden Begawan. When Princess Teja Nirmala heard this, she was very sad. So a nice fairy took her to the Kahyangan.

So a nice fairy took her to the Kahyangan. (Paragraph 2) The word her in the sentence refers to…

1. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?

A long time ago, there lived on the island of Bali a giant-like creature named Kbo Iwo. The people of Bali used to say that Kbo Iwo was everything, a destroyer as well as a creator. He was satisfied with the meal, but this meant for the Balinese people enough food for a thousand men.

Difficulties arose when for the first time the barns were almost empty and the new harvest was still a long way off. This made Kbo Iwo wild with great anger. In his hunger, he destroyed all the houses and even all the temples. It made the Balinese turn to rage.

So, they came together to plan steps to oppose this powerful giant by using his stupidity. They asked Kbo Iwo to build them a very deep well, and rebuild all the houses and temples he had destroyed. After they fed Kbo Iwo, he began to dig a deep hole.

One day he had eaten too much, he fell asleep in the hole. The oldest man in the village gave a sign, and the villagers began to throw the limestone they had collected before into the hole. The limestone made the water inside the hole boiling . Kbo Iwo was buried alive. Then the water in the well rose higher and higher until at last it overflowed and formed Lake Batur. The mound of earth dug from the well by Kbo Iwo is known as Mount Batur.

Which the following fact is true about Kbo Iwo?

A long time ago, there lived on the island of Bali a giant-like creature named Kbo Iwo. The people of Bali used to say that Kbo Iwo was everything, a destroyer as well as a creator. He was satisfied with the meal, but this meant for the Balinese people enough food for a thousand men.

Difficulties arose when for the first time the barns were almost empty and the new harvest was still a long way off. This made Kbo Iwo wild with great anger. In his hunger, he destroyed all the houses and even all the temples. It made the Balinese turn to rage.

So, they came together to plan steps to oppose this powerful giant by using his stupidity. They asked Kbo Iwo to build them a very deep well, and rebuild all the houses and temples he had destroyed. After they fed Kbo Iwo, he began to dig a deep hole.

One day he had eaten too much, he fell asleep in the hole. The oldest man in the village gave a sign, and the villagers began to throw the limestone they had collected before into the hole. The limestone made the water inside the hole boiling . Kbo Iwo was buried alive. Then the water in the well rose higher and higher until at last it overflowed and formed Lake Batur. The mound of earth dug from the well by Kbo Iwo is known as Mount Batur.

Why did Kbo Iwo feel angry to the Balinese people?

A long time ago, there lived on the island of Bali a giant-like creature named Kbo Iwo. The people of Bali used to say that Kbo Iwo was everything, a destroyer as well as a creator. He was satisfied with the meal, but this meant for the Balinese people enough food for a thousand men.

Difficulties arose when for the first time the barns were almost empty and the new harvest was still a long way off. This made Kbo Iwo wild with great anger. In his hunger, he destroyed all the houses and even all the temples. It made the Balinese turn to rage.

So, they came together to plan steps to oppose this powerful giant by using his stupidity. They asked Kbo Iwo to build them a very deep well, and rebuild all the houses and temples he had destroyed. After they fed Kbo Iwo, he began to dig a deep hole.

One day he had eaten too much, he fell asleep in the hole. The oldest man in the village gave a sign, and the villagers began to throw the limestone they had collected before into the hole. The limestone made the water inside the hole boiling . Kbo Iwo was buried alive. Then the water in the well rose higher and higher until at last it overflowed and formed Lake Batur. The mound of earth dug from the well by Kbo Iwo is known as Mount Batur.

“So, they came together to plan steps to oppose this powerful giant……”(Paragraph 3). The antonym of the word “oppose “ is….

A long time ago, there lived on the island of Bali a giant-like creature named Kbo Iwo. The people of Bali used to say that Kbo Iwo was everything, a destroyer as well as a creator. He was satisfied with the meal, but this meant for the Balinese people enough food for a thousand men.

Difficulties arose when for the first time the barns were almost empty and the new harvest was still a long way off. This made Kbo Iwo wild with great anger. In his hunger, he destroyed all the houses and even all the temples. It made the Balinese turn to rage.

So, they came together to plan steps to oppose this powerful giant by using his stupidity. They asked Kbo Iwo to build them a very deep well, and rebuild all the houses and temples he had destroyed. After they fed Kbo Iwo, he began to dig a deep hole.

One day he had eaten too much, he fell asleep in the hole. The oldest man in the village gave a sign, and the villagers began to throw the limestone they had collected before into the hole. The limestone made the water inside the hole boiling . Kbo Iwo was buried alive. Then the water in the well rose higher and higher until at last it overflowed and formed Lake Batur. The mound of earth dug from the well by Kbo Iwo is known as Mount Batur.

“So, they came together to plan steps to oppose this powerful giant……”(Paragraph 3). The antonym of the word “oppose “ is….

A long time ago, very few people lived in the New Territories. There were only a few villages. If the people wanted to go from one village to another, they often had to pass through wild and unsafe forest.

One day, a farmer’s young wife went to the next village to visit her own mother and brother. She brought along her baby son. When it was time for her to leave, her brother said “ it is getting dark. Let my son, Ah Tim go with you though the forest.”

So Ah Tim led the way and the young woman followed behind, carrying her baby. When they were in the forest, suddenly they saw a group of wolves. They began to run to avoid the danger, but Ah Tim kicked against a stone and fell down. At once the wolves caught him. The young woman cried to the wolves, “ please eat my own son instead.” Then, she put her baby son on the ground in front of the wolves and took her nephew away. Everyone understood that this was because the woman was very good and kind. She had offered her own son’s life to save her nephew.

They ran back to the house and called for help. All men in the village fetched thick sticks and went back with her into the forest. When they got there, they saw something very strange. Instead of eating the woman’s baby the wolves were playing with him.

What separated between one village to another a long time ago in the New Territories ?