Describes the number of subordinates who are directly accountable to a manager.

It refers to the management structure of an organization based on the number of layers of formal authority, usually presented in a diagram or chart.

It is the formal line of authority through which orders and decisions are passed down from senior management at the top to operational workers at the bottom of the hierarchy

It refers to the administrative systems of a business, such as the set of complex rules and procedures and formal hierarchical structures in an organization

It refers to organizational structures where the majority of decision making is in the hands of a very small number of people at the top of the hierarchical structure

It refers to organizational structures which include the delegation of decision making authority throughout an organization, away from a central authority

It is the process of removing one or more layers in the organizational hierarchy to make the structure flatter

Have many levels of management. Managers have a smaller area of control.

Have few levels of management. There may be just one top manager who is the owner or CEO of the company

Designed to be more flexible and responsive to market demands.A business’s human resources are organized around many projects.

Often highly qualified professionals and managers.

Also known as ‘outsourced work’.

Do part-time, temporary, and seasonal work.

A worker’s relationship with an organization falls into three groups: the core workers, the contractual fringe, and the flexible workers.