Region that stretched inland from Calcutta in India; previously controlled by the French then by the English. (p. 364)

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Dutch settlers in Cape Colony; in southern Africa. (p. 364)

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Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal. (p. 364) 

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Settlements in Canada launched by the French government; Had manorial estates set up with carefully restricted rights for great lords; France gained about 55,000 settlers in a durable peasanty society there. (p. 361) 

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Dutch colony established at Cape of Good Hope in 1652 initially to provide a coastal station for the Dutch seaborne empire; by 1770 settlements had expanded sufficiently to come into conflict with Bantus. (p. 364) 

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Southern tip of Africa; first circumnavigated in 1488 by Portuguese in search of direct route to India. (p. 351) 

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Island gained by the British from the Dutch. (p. 365) 

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Genoese captain in service of king and queen Castile and Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas. (p. 351)

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Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred. (p. 416) 

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Nations, usually European, that enjoyed profit from world economy; controlled international banking and commercial services such as shipping; exported manufactured goods for raw materials. (p. 356) 

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Settlement of New York by the Dutch; later taken over in 1664 by an English expedition. (p. 361) 

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Trading companies with their designated regions, such as the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company; They weren’t intensely supervised by their own states, therefore they were almost like independent governments. (p. 355) 

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(1480-1521) Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines. (p. 352) 

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Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network. (p. 487) 

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Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of western European expansion. (p. 333) 

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Naval battle between the Spanish and the Ottoman Empire resulting in a Spanish victory in 1571. (p. 356) 

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One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty. (p. 495) 

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Economic theory that stressed governments’ promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe. (p. 356) 

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People mixed European and Indian ancestry in Mesoamerica and South America; particularly prevalent in areas colonized by Spain; often part of forced labor system. (p. 357) 

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Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. (p. 458) 

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Port in Japan that underwent a firm isolationist policy and where western traders won some extra legal rights. (p. 356) 

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Fought both in continental Europe and also in overseas colonies between 1756 and 1763; resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America. (p. 362) 

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Arranged in 1763 following Seven Years War; granted New France to England in exchange for return of French sugar island in Caribbean. (p. 362) 

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(c. 1475-1519) First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains. (p. 359) 

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Portuguese voyager who made it to India in 1498; mistook Indians for Christians; managed to return with some spices. (p. 351) 

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Name given to North America by the Vikings in the 10th century. (p. 350) 

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