• In 1215, English nobles were dissatisfied with their king. They forced the king to sign ____________________ in order to protect their exploited rights.

• Magna Carta is regarded as the forerunner of ____________________.

Nowadays most countries implement constitutions.

They are made to maintain social order based on the ____________________.

• Towns were owned by ____________________.

• Townspeople still had to ____________________.

• However, social status of the townspeople was mostly decided by _____________ rather than by _____________.

• Some merchants paid to get _____________ from their lords. They got a certain amount of autonomy, such as electing mayors and setting up courts.

• Medieval Times became an important stage in European _____________.

• During early Medieval times, education was strictly controlled by the _____________.

• Later, more townspeople pursued knowledge other than religious aspect.

  • They started to study in some newly-built schools.

  • This gave rise to many _____________ in Europe since the 12th century.

• Modern universities provide more ______________________.

• Present-day ______________________ (bachelor, master and doctor) and academic dress are important traditions inherited from Medieval Times.

• Finally, Medieval Times ended in the 15th century. Europe entered ’______________________’.

• During the mid-14th century, the ______________________ killed many Europeans.

The manorial system weakened.

• Moreover, __________________________ rose in the late medieval period.

• With the spread of more advanced civilization from _____________ at the same time, Europeans acquire new knowledge and views different from Church teachings.

• At the same time, the Church lost power after _______________________________________.

• Some strong European kings refused to _____________ to the Church and _____________ the Pope openly.

• In AD 476, the Western Roman Empire fell. The Eastern Roman Empire continued.

• It was conquered by the __________________________ in 1453.