Every parking stall is monitored at a continuous interval of 15 minutes or so and the license plate number is noted down.

(a)  

Parking takes considerable street space leading to the lowering of the load capacity

(a)  

Careless maneuvering of parking and unparking leads to accidents which are referred to as parking accidents.

(a)  

are performed to determine location, use and adequacy of existing parking facilities

(a)  

Affect the aesthetic beauty of the area.

(a)  

Parked vehicles may obstruct the movement of firefighting vehicles, Sometimes they block access to hydrants and access to buildings.

(a)  

The vehicles are parked along the length of the road

(a)  

A form of roadside car parking where the parking spaces are arranged at an angle to the direction of approach

(a)  

One of the primary goals of traffic engineering is to ensure safe traffic flow. Road accidents cannot be avoided, but they can be significantly minimized with proper traffic engineering

(a)  

An elastic collision is an encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies remains the same

(a)  

a limiting case of inelastic collision in which the two bodies coalesce after impact

(a)  

refers to the maximum number of vehicles that can pass through a given section of the roadway in a specific period under a particular set of conditions.

(a)  

The more lanes a roadway or highway segment has, the greater its capacity.

(a)  

Wider lanes allow for more maneuverability and can increase capacity.


(a)  

Higher traffic volumes can decrease capacity, as more vehicles on the road can lead to congestion and slower speeds.

(a)  

type of vehicles on the road can affect capacity, as larger vehicles such as buses and trucks require more space and can slow down traffic

(a)  

to a roadway or highway segment can increase its capacity.

(a)  

at intersections can improve capacity by reducing delays.

(a)  

better signal timing, roundabouts, or grade-separated interchanges can increase capacity

(a)  

Strategies such as tolls, congestion pricing, and public transit can help manage demand and reduce congestion

(a)  

are essential components of urban and regional transportation systems. They are critical to ensuring the safe and efficient movement of people and goods through the transportation network.

(a)  

refer to the policies and practices that govern the use of transportation infrastructure. Effective regulation and control are essential to ensuring the safety and efficiency of transportation systems.

(a)  

refer to the management and control of traffic flow on roads, highways, and other transportation infrastructure. Effective traffic operations require a coordinated effort between transportation agencies, law enforcement, and emergency services.

(a)  

the maximum number of vehicles that can pass through a given section of roadway in a given time period.

(a)  

a qualitative measure of the quality of service provided by a transportation facility.

(a)  

the use of technology to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation systems.

(a)  

the use of design features to reduce vehicle speeds and improve safety for pedestrians and cyclists.

(a)  

Is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads

(a)  

is where a local road intersects a highway at the same elevation, or grade.

(a)  

is when a local road crosses over or under the highway and ramps are used to enter or exit the highway.

(a)  

tunnel is an underground passageway, completely enclosed except for openings for ingress and egress, commonly at each end.

(a)  

also known as a flyover, is a bridge, road, railway or similar structure that crosses over another road or railway

(a)  

have been used where one highway terminates at another highway. These involve at least one loop ramp connecting traffic either entering or leaving the terminating expressway with the far lanes of the continuous highway.

(a)  

is the simplest form of grade separated intersection between two roadways. The conflicts between through and crossing traffic are eliminated by a bridge structure.

(a)  

eliminates all crossing movement conflicts by the use of weaving sections. This weaving section is a critical element of cloverleaf design. It replaces a crossing conflict with a merging, followed some distance farther by a diverging conflict.

(a)  

Is a modification that combines some elements of a diamond interchange with one or more loops of a cloverleaf to eliminate only the more critical turning conflicts.

(a)  

A Directional interchange provides direct paths for left turns. These interchanges contain ramps for one or more direct or semi direct left turning movements. Interchanges of two freeways or interchanges with one or more very heavy turning movements usually warrant direct ramps, which have higher speeds of operation and higher capacities, compared to loop ramps

(a)  

defined as extra pavement, of constant or variable width, placed parallel or nearly so, to a merging maneuver area to encourage merging at low relative speed.

(a)  

defined as extra pavement of constant or variable width, placed parallel or nearly so, to a diverging maneuver area to encourage diverging at low relative speed.

(a)  

A  highway  pavement  is  a  structure  consisting  of  superimposed  layers  of  processed  materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade

(a)  

The pavement designer must develop the most economical combination of layers that will guarantee adequate dispersion of the incident wheel stresses so that each layer in the pavement doe snot become overstressed during the design of highway.

(a)  

consists of the native subgrade soil and the layer of graded stone (subbase and possibly clapping) immediately overlaying it

(a)  

the main structural layer whose main function is to withstand the applied wheel stresses and strains incident on it and distribute them in such a manner that the materials beneath it do nt become overloaded.


(a)  

combines good riding quality with adequate skidding resistance while also minimizing the probability of water infiltrating the pavement with consequent surface cracking.


(a)  

materials consists of a subgrade and subbase foundation covered by a slab constructed of pavement quality concrete.




(a)  

joints may be provided   in a pavement slab in order to allow for movement   caused by changes in moisture content and slab   temperature. Transverse joint is used when the paving   operation is interrupted for longer than 30 minutes.

(a)  

A.allow induced stresses to be released by permitting the adjacent slab to contact, thereby causing a reduction in tensile stresses within the slab.

(a)  

differ in that a full discontinuity exists between the two sides, with a compressible filler material included to permit the adjacent concrete to expaND

(a)  

are required in plain URC slabs only. They permit small angular movements to occur between adjacent concrete slabs.

(a)  

is normally organized so that work on any given day ends at the location of an intended contraction or expansion joint.

(a)  

is to limit the extent of surface cracking in order to maintain the particle interlock within the aggregate.

(a)  

Different soil has different characteristics affecting   the performance of each individual soil by moisture   content and density.


(a)  

consistency of the soil varies from semi solid to   plastic then, to liquid if water content is increased

(a)  

o weight per cubic foot varies with the   peculiarities of the soil itself, the moisture content, and the   compacted device plus the method of their use.


(a)  

may be subdivided into three, according to the basis of compaction procedures

(a)  

means of compacting the density with   the laboratory results.

(a)  

Soil test to determine the strength of soil

(a)  

ØThe preliminary soil investigation is an integral part of highway   reconnaissance and preliminary location survey. In fixing the   position of the road, the following should be taken into

  accounts.

(a)  

A geophysical method used for sub-surface exploration

(a)  

is an important factor to determine the pavement thickness to be adopted. By providing adequate thickness, the load coming from wheels doesn’t affect the subgrade soil

(a)  

the important part of the vehicles which enables the wheels to rotate while moving. By providing multiple axles, vehicles can carry more load

(a)  

When the vehicle is moving on pavement, the pressure developed between the tire and pavement. If the tire is low-pressure tire, then contact pressure will be greater than tire pressure

(a)  

If the vehicle is moving at creep speed then also damage occurs to the pavement. If the vehicle speed is gradually increased then it will cause smaller strains in the pavement

(a)  

Constructed pavement is used by several vehicles in its design life.

(a)  

To construct pavement subgrade soil need to be tested. Various test like CBR, Triaxial, etc. will help to determine the quality of subgrade. From this, we can adapt the required thickness

(a)  

Temperature is the important environmental factor to be considered in the design of pavement

(a)  

from rain affects the depth of the groundwater table

(a)  

IRC

(a)  

is determined in terms of commercial vehicles per day (CVPD)


(a)  

CVPD

(a)  

can be estimated (i) by studying the past trends of traffic growth, and (ii) by establishing econometric models

(a)  

is defined in terms of the cumulative number of standard axles that can be carried before strengthening of the pavement is necessary.

(a)  

is a multiplier for converting the number of commercial vehicles of different axle loads and axle configurations to the number of standard axle-load repetitions.


(a)  

VDF

(a)  

The design should be based on 75 % of the commercial vehicles in both directions.

(a)  

·The design should be based on 40 % of the total number of commercial vehicles in both directions.

(a)  

considered in terms of the cumulative number of standard axles in the lane carrying maximum traffic during the design life of the road.

(a)