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AEF 2025 US Chapter 11 Review

Total questions: 100

Worksheet time: 55mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which event caused the United States to declare war in 1941?

a)

Japan’s surprise attack on Pearl Harbor

b)

the aggressive actions of Germany

c)

the sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania

d)

German attacks on American merchant ships

2.

People who do not fight in the war but support the fighting of a war by working in factories, rationing, growing victory gardens

a)

total war

b)

homefront

c)

Pearl Harbor

d)

Japanese Internment Camp

3.

A prison like facility used to house Japanese-Americans during WWII

a)

total war

b)

homefront

c)

Pearl Harbor

d)

Internment Camps

4.

This example of propaganda was used to encourage

a)

women to join the army and fight

b)

women to stay at home with their families

c)

men to join the army and fight

d)

women to join the workforce

5.

This group of people was most known for developing a secret code using their language that the Japanese never deciphered

a)

Native Americans

b)

Latinos

c)

African Americans

d)

Japanese Americans

6.

This group of people fought with the Tuskegee Airman and destroyed more than 250 enemy planes

a)

Native Americans

b)

Latinos

c)

African Americans

d)

Japanese Americans

7.

The government gave these to families telling them how much of certain foods and goods they could buy.

a)

Victory Gardens

b)

Ration Books

c)

Liberty Vouchers

d)

War Bonds

8.

Why did Americans grow Victory Gardens during World War II?

a)

To exchange for extra ration coupons at grocery stores

b)

To sell the food for profit to the government

c)

To make sure they had enough food as the nation rationed

d)

If they grew a certain amount of food they could skip military service

9.

What was the purpose of rationing and Victory Gardens?

a)

To get extra money from the Allies in Britain and France

b)

To give supplies to laborers from Mexico

c)

To provide for families who lost male family members during the war

d)

To keep soldiers and civilians fed so no one starved

10.

What was purpose of the Women's Army Core?

a)

To help women find work after the war

b)

To train women before they took jobs in the military

c)

To train women in code-breaking skills for use in Europe

d)

To prepare women for combat roles overseas

11.

Which describes Executive Order 9066?

a)

To create a draft lottery system for military service

b)

It officially brought the U.S. into World War II

c)

It forced Japanese-Americans into internment camps against their will

d)

It forced the repatriation of Mexican Americans to reduce job competition

12.

What was the role of the War Industries Board?

a)

To switch production in factories from consumer goods to military goods.

b)

To produce consumer goods for Allies in Europe.

c)

To change privately owned factories to military factories.

13.

Why did the United States government ration certain goods and materials?

a)

To make sure goods were distributed fairly

b)

To keep vital supplies away from the enemies

c)

So the military had access to critical materials

14.

The image here is a good indicator of importance of rationing during WWII. However, it also reminds us that...

a)

we are trying to produce more war-time goods vs. peace-time goods

b)

we need to find more sources of rubber-like material because of its unlimited uses

c)

we need to recycle more materials like this because of global warming

d)

we have to choose between these four items according to which is most important

15.

Which term below comes to mind when you hear U.S.-backed international alliance from 1945? (Hint-improved version of the one that failed post-WWI)

a)

United Nations

b)

League of Nations

c)

NAACP

d)

NATO

16.

Which option below would coincide with the dissenting opinion of the Korematsu case?

a)

Japan has spies in the U.S. so we must protect the nation

b)

American's rights may be restricted under extreme circumstances

c)

All U.S. citizen's rights are protected under the Constitution

d)

You shouldn't yell fire in a crowded theater

17.

This poster is a great reminder about what unique aspect of WWII

a)

blacks were actually fighting for freedom for people world-wide & domestically for themselves

b)

blacks moving through the Great Migration to work on war materials

c)

blacks were making strides making war materials back home but not fighting overseas

d)

blacks played little to no role in achieving victory in WWII

18.

Which choices below could one argue were effects of WWII? (Short or long term) *Hint - All except 1

a)

Technology became a priority for many nations biding to be world powers

b)

Minorities & women made strides from a professional & social perspective

c)

Since they were aligned in WWII, the U.S. & Russia started a long-running partnership that lasted decades

d)

The U.S. became the true super power of the world

e)

The United Nations & Marshall Plan were implemented to help Europe recover & stay protected

19.

Read the facts below then select which choices coincide with the facts: The U.S. auto industry produced 20% of the total U.S. output of the material manufactured to fight World War II, with the total value of goods produced by the U.S. automobile industry in the war effort surpassed $29 billion. GM produced $12 billion of that or 41% the industry output and 8% of the entire American war economy. Ford came in second with $3.9 billion, and Chrysler was right behind with $3.5 billion in war contracts. (Hint - Choose 3)

a)

The Cost-Plus contracts leaned toward corporation giants

b)

The U.S. is transitioning from Peace time to Preparedness

c)

The "non-essential production" is being limited

d)

The unemployment is on the rise & so is production

20.

Who fought for the Allies in WWII

a)

USA and Australia

b)

USA and Japan

c)

Australia and Japan

d)

Japan and Germany

21.

Why did Japan invade Malaya and the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)?

a)

For tea and coffee

b)

For rubber and oil

c)

For coal

d)

For no reason

22.

In which battle did Australian and US naval forces stop the Japanese from taking Port Morseby?

a)

Battle of the Tasman Sea

b)

Battle of the Coral Sea

c)

Battle of the Southern Sea

d)

Battle of the Timor Sea

23.

What did the USA stop exporting to Japan?

a)

Fish

b)

Oil

c)

TV Shows

24.
Why was the D-Day invasion in June 1944 important to the outcome of World War II?    
a)
It stopped Soviet advances in Eastern Europe.
b)
It forced Italy to surrender
c)
It opened a new Allied front in Europe.
d)
It avoided the use of atomic weapons.
25.
What was the effect of the United States' use of atomic weapons in the war in the Pacific?
a)
The use of atomic weapons resulted in a massive "kamikaze"-style counter-offensive from the Japanese military.
b)
It gave the U.S. military a base from which it could launch an invasion of mainland Japan.
c)
It brought about the unconditional surrender of Germany and stopped the Soviet Union from occupying Berlin.
d)
It brought about the unconditional surrender of Japan and ended the Second World War.
26.
The American campaign to defeat the Japanese shown in the map above was known as
a)
island blitzkrieg
b)
shock and awe in the islands
c)
island hopping
d)
island trenching
27.
Name the three major countries that formed the alliance known as the Allied Powers.
a)
Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States
b)
Great Britain, Japan, United States
c)
Germany, France, United States
d)
Japan, Germany, Italy
28.

Who was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during World War II?

a)

Adolf Hitler

b)

Benito Mussolini

c)

Josef Stalin

d)

Winston Churchill

29.

Who was the leader of Russia during World War II?

a)

Mussolini

b)

Stalin

c)

Roosevelt (FDR)

d)

Hitler

30.

Who was the leader of Italy during World War II?

a)

Mussolini

b)

Stalin

c)

Roosevelt (FDR)

d)

Hitler

31.

Who was the head of the Japanese military (who orders the attack on Pearl Harbor)?

a)

Hideki Tojo

b)

Emperor Hirohito

c)

Isoroku Yamamoto

d)

H. Mitsubishi

32.

Name the three countries that formed the alliance known as the Axis powers (it was also known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis)

a)

Japan, U.S., Russia

b)

Japan, Germany, Soviet Union

c)

Japan, Great Britain, Soviet Union

d)

Japan, Germany, Italy

33.

What was the United States foreign policy before World War II?

a)

direct involvement

b)

aid to Axis Powers

c)

supported Japan

d)

isolationism

34.

Effect: Turning point of the war in the Pacific and the U.S. was victorious. What was the CAUSE?

a)

Battle of Midway

b)

Battle of Stalingrad

c)

D-Day

d)

Battle of Britain

35.

Which president had to face the decision of using the atomic bomb during war?

a)

Truman

b)

Roosevelt

c)

Eisenhower

d)

McArthur

36.

The first bomb was dropped on which city on August 6, 1945?

a)

Nagasaki

b)

Tokyo

c)

Taiwan

d)

Hiroshima

37.

Propaganda such as the image above was used to influence American's to be ​ (a)   and ​ (b)   .

Choose from the below words
more patriotic
support the war effort
racist
more fearful
speak out against the war
hide in their homes
38.

Women were encourages to support the war effort by ​ (a)   ​ (b)   ​ (c)   .

Choose from the below words
enlisting in female units of the military
taking traditionally male jobs
growing Victory Gardens
having more children
baking cakes for wounded soldiers
selling recipe books
enlisting for combat positions
39.

What were the two Japanese cities that the US dropped atomic bombs on?

a)

Hiroshima and Tokyo

b)

Tokyo and Iwo Jima

c)

Nagasaki and Okinawa

d)

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

40.
These helped the government fight the war
a)
war bonds
b)
victory gardens
c)
scrap drives
d)
liberty bells
41.

Where did Allies invade on D Day

a)

Germany

b)

France

c)

Soviet Union

d)

Italy

42.

Why did the Allies attack through Normandy beach (D-Day)

a)

to enter Western Europe and corner Hitler

b)

to enter Eastern Asia and corner Hitler

c)

to eliminate Stalin

d)

to help the Nazi Army

43.

What was the Manhattan Project?

a)

A secret plan to corner Hitler

b)

A secret plan to build atomic bombs

c)

A plan to invade Europe through Normandy

d)

the plan Hitler used to bomb London

44.

What was the example set by the Nuremberg Trails?

a)

It did nothing

b)

That crimes against humanity are punishable

c)

How to properly punish a Nazi

d)

Different sentences for different people

45.

What was the result of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

a)

Nothing happened

b)

It led to the surrender of Russia and Germany

c)

It led to the surrender of Japan

d)

None of the above

46.

Why was the Battle of Midway a turning point in the war in the Pacific?

a)

Both sides realized that there was no hope for victory and came to peace

b)

Heavy Japanese losses allowed the Allies to begin re-taking the Pacific

c)

It was a huge loss for America

d)

None of the above

47.

What year did the United States enter World War II?

a)

1939

b)

1940

c)

1941

d)

The US never joined

48.
Who was the United States President at the end of WWII?
a)
FDR
b)
Truman
Truman
c)
Hoover
d)
Coolidge
49.
What was V-E day?
a)
The day Japan surrendered
b)
The day Italy surrendered
c)
The day Germany surrendered
d)
The day the United States surrendered
50.
The battle on THIS small Pacific Island that was won by US Marines was called
a)
Midway
b)
Iwo Jima
c)
Bermuda
d)
Hawaii
51.
What was V-J day?
a)
Germany surrendered
b)
Japan surrendered
c)
Italy surrendered
d)
Russia surrendered
52.
What was the goal of the United Nations?
a)
settle problems between countries peacefully
b)
guard against the spread of communism
c)
encourage trade between countries
d)
stabilize the currency of the US and Europe
53.

Why did Japan attack the US naval base at Pearl Harbor?

a)

Japan needed access to oil and natural gas for its military and the ships stationed at Pearl Harbor defended Hawaii's rich oil fields.

b)

Japan wanted to expand its territory in the Pacific and needed to weaken the US Navy to slow the nation's response to its actions.

c)

Japan planned to invade North America and sought to destroy the aircraft carriers and submarines that were defending the Pacific Coast.

d)

Japan believed that the United States was building up its navy to invade Japan and attacked before the US could do so.

54.

What were some of the things rationed during war time? Mark all that apply.

a)

sugar

b)

meat

c)

rubber (tires)

d)

Gasolene

55.

Allied invasion of Nazi occupied France on June 6, 1944

a)

P-Day

b)

D-Day

c)

I-Day

d)

B-Day

56.

An agency of the United States government that supervised war production during World War II.

a)

War Production Board

b)

Office of Price Administration

c)

Fair Employment Practices Commission

d)

FDIC

57.

What was the purpose for the rationing propaganda?

a)

Raise money for the military

b)

Reserve products for the military and limit waste by civilians.

c)

Kick start the economy with consumerism

d)

Allow people to join the Army

58.

Why was the Battle of Midway a turning point in the war in the Pacific?

a)

Both sides realized that there was no hope for victory and came to peace

b)

The halting of Japanese advancement allowed the Allies to begin re-taking the Pacific

c)

It was a huge loss for America

d)

None of the above

59.

What group of soldiers encoded military communications so that they could not be deciphered by the Japanese? 

a)

Tuskegee Airmen

b)

Navajo Code Talkers

c)

Black Pathers

d)

Flying Tigers

60.

What was one reason Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor?

a)

The U.S. strategy of island hopping had disturbed Pacific trade routes.

b)

The Japanese naval fleet had been defeated at the Battle of Midway.

c)

Japanese Americans had been relocated to internment camps.

d)

U.S. trade sanctions had caused shortages of oil, gas, and rubber.

61.
How was Great Britain able to win the Battle of Britain?
a)
by using radar to find attacking German planes
b)
by replacing destroyed planes faster than Germany could
c)
by using sonar to find attacking German U-boats
d)
by replacing destroyed ships faster than Germany could
62.
What was the Holocaust?
a)
a system of anti-Semitism that existed in Germany for centuries
b)
a series of laws that denied Jews their citizenship, jobs, and property
c)
the emigration of German Jews before the war
d)
the killing of 6 million Jews in Europe by the Nazis
63.
Why did the Nazis target homosexuals and people who were mentally deficient, mentally ill, physically disabled, or incurably ill?
a)
to give German-speaking people more living space
b)
to rid Germany of any person belonging to an “inferior race”
c)
to unite German-speaking people from different parts of Europe
d)
to rid Germany of any person unfit to be part of the “master race”
64.
How did Congress attempt to maintain U.S. isolationism throughout the 1930s?
a)
by refusing to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
b)
by prohibiting the sale of arms to countries at war or engaged in civil war
c)
by refusing to enforce the decisions of the League of Nations
d)
by prohibiting the reduction of tariffs on goods from countries at war or engaged in civil war
65.
Which of the following was an effect of Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor?
a)
The United States entered the war.
b)
The Soviet Union invaded Manchuria.
c)
Germany entered the war on the side of Japan.
d)
The United States placed on embargo on Japan.
66.
How was the United States able to produce so much war material in such a short period of time?
a)
by placing all industry and agriculture under strict state management
b)
by outlawing labor rights and controlling all aspects of the lives of workers
c)
by converting existing factories to wartime use and organizing resources efficiently
d)
by forcing industries to compete for resources in order to improve industrial efficiency
67.
How did ordinary Americans help with the war effort and conserve resources? Choose the three correct answers.
a)
by collecting junk
b)
by using ration books
c)
by planting victory gardens
d)
by refusing to pay taxes
e)
by hoarding scarce goods
68.
How did Germany attempt to prevent food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union?
a)
by capturing ports in Western Europe
b)
by capturing supply ships in the Atlantic
c)
by using U-boats to sink U.S. supply ships
d)
by using long-range bombers to attack U.S. factories
69.
Why did Joseph Stalin pressure U.S. and British leaders to open a “second front” in Western Europe?
a)
to capture ports that could be used by Allied supply ships
b)
to force Germany to send troops from the Soviet front to fight in France
c)
to help give the Soviets more time to move factories away from the front
d)
to prevent Germany from taking the Suez Canal and cutting off oil supplies
70.
Members of which Native American nation served as code talkers, translating messages into an unbreakable code to help the Allies advance across the Pacific?
a)
Apache
b)
Cherokee
c)
Navajo
d)
Sioux
71.
Which of the following was an effect of the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
a)
Japan agreed to surrender.
b)
Allied leaders met at Potsdam.
c)
Japan’s emperor gave up his throne.
d)
The Soviet Union invaded Manchuria.
72.
Which of the following were effects of World War II? Choose the three correct answers.
a)
the creation of the United Nations (UN)
b)
new political and economic systems in Japan
c)
the division of Germany into four occupation zones
d)
a strong belief in isolationism in U.S. politics
e)
the division of Japan into two occupation zones
73.
How did the United States change as a result of World War II? Choose the four correct answers.
a)
Unemployment fell and wages increased.
b)
The United States became the world’s strongest economic and military power.
c)
Women experienced increased opportunities, holding jobs previously held by men.
d)
Farmers used improved farm machinery and fertilizer to increase crop production greatly.
e)
Spending on defense decreased significantly.
74.
left the South for jobs in the North and West
a)
African Americans
b)
Asian Americans
c)
Mexican Americans
d)
Native Americans
75.
were victims of attacks on zoot-suit wearing youths
a)
African Americans
b)
Asian Americans
c)
Mexican Americans
d)
Native Americans
76.
formed CORE to confront segregation in the North attacks on zoot-suit wearing youths
a)
African Americans
b)
Asian Americans
c)
Mexican Americans
d)
Native Americans
77.
worked as braceros, or hired hands, on U.S. farms
a)
African Americans
b)
Asian Americans
c)
Mexican Americans
d)
Native Americans
78.
were forcibly removed from the West Coast to internment camps
a)
African Americans
b)
Asian Americans
c)
Mexican Americans
d)
Native Americans
79.
received little compensation for resources mined on reservation lands
a)
African Americans
b)
Asian Americans
c)
Mexican Americans
d)
Native Americans
80.
Winston Churchill
a)
Germany
b)
Great Britain
c)
Italy
d)
Japan
e)
Soviet Union
81.
Adolf Hitler
a)
Germany
b)
Great Britain
c)
Italy
d)
Japan
e)
Soviet Union
82.
Benito Mussolini
a)
Germany
b)
Great Britain
c)
Italy
d)
Japan
e)
Soviet Union
83.
Joseph Stalin
a)
Germany
b)
Great Britain
c)
Italy
d)
Japan
e)
Soviet Union
84.
Hideki Tojo
a)
Germany
b)
Great Britain
c)
Italy
d)
Japan
e)
Soviet Union
85.
In chronological order, Which happened 1st?
a)
Germany reoccupies the Rhineland with troops in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
b)
Germany announces its Anschluss with Austria.
c)
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-agression pact.
d)
Germany takes over Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
e)
Germany invades Czechoslovakia after being granted the Sudetenland six months earlier.
86.
In chronological order, Which happened 2nd?
a)
Germany announces its Anschluss with Austria.
b)
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-agression pact.
c)
Germany takes over Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
d)
Germany invades Czechoslovakia after being granted the Sudetenland six months earlier.
e)
Germany reoccupies the Rhineland with troops in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
87.
In chronological order, Which happened 3rd?
a)
Germany invades Czechoslovakia after being granted the Sudetenland six months earlier.
b)
Germany announces its Anschluss with Austria.
c)
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-agression pact.
d)
Germany takes over Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
e)
Germany reoccupies the Rhineland with troops in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
88.
In chronological order, Which happened 4th?
a)
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-agression pact.
b)
Germany announces its Anschluss with Austria.
c)
Germany takes over Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
d)
Germany invades Czechoslovakia after being granted the Sudetenland six months earlier.
e)
Germany reoccupies the Rhineland with troops in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
89.
In chronological order, Which happened 5th?
a)
Germany invades Poland from the west, and the Soviet Union invades from the east three weeks later.
b)
Germany announces its Anschluss with Austria.
c)
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-agression pact.
d)
Germany takes over Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
e)
Germany invades Czechoslovakia after being granted the Sudetenland six months earlier.
90.
In chronological order, Which happened 6th?
a)
Germany takes over Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France.
b)
Germany announces its Anschluss with Austria.
c)
Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-agression pact.
d)
Germany invades Czechoslovakia after being granted the Sudetenland six months earlier.
e)
Germany reoccupies the Rhineland with troops in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
91.
In chronological order, Which happened 1st?
a)
The Allies invade Normandy on D-Day.
b)
The Allies land in North Africa in Operation Torch.
c)
The Allies capture Sicily, leading to Mussolini’s forced resignation.
d)
The German forces push the Allies back in the Battle of the Bulge.
e)
The British army stops General Rommel and the Germans at El Alamein.
92.
In chronological order, Which happened 2nd?
a)
The Allies invade Normandy on D-Day.
b)
The Allies land in North Africa in Operation Torch.
c)
The Allies capture Sicily, leading to Mussolini’s forced resignation.
d)
The German forces push the Allies back in the Battle of the Bulge.
e)
The British army stops General Rommel and the Germans at El Alamein.
93.
Which happened 3rd?
a)
The Allies invade Normandy on D-Day.
b)
The Allies land in North Africa in Operation Torch.
c)
The Allies capture Sicily, leading to Mussolini’s forced resignation.
d)
The German forces push the Allies back in the Battle of the Bulge.
e)
The British army stops General Rommel and the Germans at El Alamein.
94.
In chronological order, Which happened 4th?
a)
The Allies invade Normandy on D-Day.
b)
The Allies land in North Africa in Operation Torch.
c)
The Allies capture Sicily, leading to Mussolini’s forced resignation.
d)
The German forces push the Allies back in the Battle of the Bulge.
e)
The British army stops General Rommel and the Germans at El Alamein.
95.
In chronological order, Which happened 5th?
a)
The Allies invade Normandy on D-Day.
b)
The Allies land in North Africa in Operation Torch.
c)
The Allies capture Sicily, leading to Mussolini’s forced resignation.
d)
The German forces push the Allies back in the Battle of the Bulge.
e)
The British army stops General Rommel and the Germans at El Alamein.
96.
In chronological order, Which happened 1st?
a)
Japan suffers its first loss of territory at Guadalcanal.
b)
U.S. naval forces inflict heavy losses on Japan at the Battle of Midway.
c)
Both the Allies and Japan suffer heavy casualty rates in fighting over Okinawa.
d)
Allied forces face kamikazes for the first time but sink much of the Japanese naval forces at the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
e)
Allied troops face staunch resistance in taking Iwo Jima, allowing for long-range U.S. bombers to reach the home islands of Japan.
97.
In chronological order, Which happened 2nd?
a)
Japan suffers its first loss of territory at Guadalcanal.
b)
U.S. naval forces inflict heavy losses on Japan at the Battle of Midway.
c)
Both the Allies and Japan suffer heavy casualty rates in fighting over Okinawa.
d)
Allied forces face kamikazes for the first time but sink much of the Japanese naval forces at the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
e)
Allied troops face staunch resistance in taking Iwo Jima, allowing for long-range U.S. bombers to reach the home islands of Japan.
98.
In chronological order, Which happened 3rd?
a)
Japan suffers its first loss of territory at Guadalcanal.
b)
U.S. naval forces inflict heavy losses on Japan at the Battle of Midway.
c)
Both the Allies and Japan suffer heavy casualty rates in fighting over Okinawa.
d)
Allied forces face kamikazes for the first time but sink much of the Japanese naval forces at the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
e)
Allied troops face staunch resistance in taking Iwo Jima, allowing for long-range U.S. bombers to reach the home islands of Japan.
99.
In chronological order, Which happened 4th?
a)
Japan suffers its first loss of territory at Guadalcanal.
b)
U.S. naval forces inflict heavy losses on Japan at the Battle of Midway.
c)
Both the Allies and Japan suffer heavy casualty rates in fighting over Okinawa.
d)
Allied forces face kamikazes for the first time but sink much of the Japanese naval forces at the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
e)
Allied troops face staunch resistance in taking Iwo Jima, allowing for long-range U.S. bombers to reach the home islands of Japan.
100.
In chronological order, Which happened 5th?
a)
Japan suffers its first loss of territory at Guadalcanal.
b)
U.S. naval forces inflict heavy losses on Japan at the Battle of Midway.
c)
Both the Allies and Japan suffer heavy casualty rates in fighting over Okinawa.
d)
Allied forces face kamikazes for the first time but sink much of the Japanese naval forces at the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
e)
Allied troops face staunch resistance in taking Iwo Jima, allowing for long-range U.S. bombers to reach the home islands of Japan.