The political and economic phenomenon where European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world.

A book published in 1899 that examined the horrors of Western colonialism.

The practice of extending power or dominion through the acquisition and political and economic control over foreign countries. It was notably observed in regions such as East Asia, South Asia, and Africa during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

An artistic movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by a focus on capturing fleeting impressions of light and color. Artists like Monet and Renoir are renowned for their contributions to Impressionism.

A movement that emerged from 1815 to 1914, characterized by pride and loyalty to one's country. Nationalism led to the drawing of lines based on nationality and had a significant impact on the political landscape.

A 19th-century movement that aimed to unite the Slavic people in Eastern Europe based on their shared ethnicity. Although it ultimately failed, Pan-Slavism exemplifies nationalistic aspirations.

From 1815 to 1866, this was part of the German Confederation, a collection of kingdoms. Led by Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck, this kingdom played a pivotal role in German unification, a significant precursor to the World Wars.

Jewish nationalism that emerged in the late 19th century. It aimed to establish a homeland for Jewish people in Palestine, a movement largely led by Theodor Herzl. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 further supported the establishment of a Jewish state.

Established in 1867 as a compromise between Austria and Hungary, following Austria's defeat by Prussia in 1866. The empire was divided into two, with Hungary gaining virtual independence. Each half of the empire dealt with its own ethnic minorities.

A meeting of European leaders held in 1884 and 1885 to establish rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa. This conference helped prevent European countries from going to war with each other over territorial expansion.

A diplomatic meeting held in 1878 between major European powers to resolve the crisis caused by the San Stefano Treaty and balance the distinct interests of Britain, Russia, and Austria-Hungary.

A war fought from 1853 to 1856, sparked by Russia's desire to gain land on the Black Sea from the Ottoman Empire. It highlighted the need for Russia to modernize.

A free trade movement among the German kingdoms in the 1830s, resembling the Articles of Confederation in the United States. The Zollverein played a significant role in the subsequent unification of Germany.

Ruler of Russia from 1855 to 1881, known for his significant reform of emancipating the serfs in 1861. He was assassinated by anarchists during his reign.

German Chancellor who united Germany into a powerful empire from a weak confederation of states. He is also credited with founding the first national health insurance system in Germany.

An Italian statesman and diplomat who played a crucial role in the unification movement of Italy.

A scientist who popularized the idea of evolution and transformed our understanding of the natural world.

A renowned French artist of the late 18th century, known for his Neoclassical style and opposition to the Rococo style.

A pioneering social reformer and author who advocated for improving the living and working conditions of the poor. Known for works such as "A Tale of Two Cities."

A Russian writer who had a major influence on 20th-century literature and philosophy. Some of his novels were seen as prescient depictions of life under the Soviet regime.

A key figure in the fight for Italian unity, who played a significant role in uniting northern and southern Italy.

German scholars known for their work in linguistics and collecting German folk practices.

An Austrian Zionist who authored "The Jewish State" in 1896 and played a pivotal role in the establishment of the World Zionist Organization.

A prominent French poet and novelist, considered one of the greatest writers in French history. Known for works like "Les Miserables" and "Notre-Dame de Paris."

An Italian revolutionary who founded the society of Young Italy and supported the Risorgimento, the movement for Italian unification. Mazzini was a republican and rejected the parliamentary system.

A French impressionist artist and leader of the Impressionist movement. Monet is famous for his paintings, including the iconic Water Lily Pond.

A French leader who won an election and later staged a coup to become a dictator. He implemented liberal reforms and brought prosperity to France during his reign.

A philosopher who lived from 1844 to 1900 and was critical of positivism and rationalism. Nietzsche sought a post-Christian morality and famously declared "God is dead."

Noted for writing "The Wealth of Nations," Smith advocated for capitalism, emphasizing the importance of self-interest, the invisible hand, and the division of labor to maximize economic welfare. His ideas shaped the foundation of capitalism.

An influential artist associated with the Post-Impressionist movement. Van Gogh's notable works include "The Starry Night."