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Biochem Exam 3: Ketone Body Metabolism

Total questions: 92

Worksheet time: 49mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Ketone bodies can move through the blood.

a)

True

b)

False

2.

ketone Bodies are the ideal fuel source for the brain.

a)
True
b)
False
3.

How long after a meal is it considered the "fasting state"?

a)

3-8 hours

b)

4-24 hours

c)

1-2 hours

4.

Postprandial means

a)

before a meal

b)

after a meal

c)

during a meal

d)

fasting state

5.

During the fasting state, what is released from adipose tissues?

a)

nitric oxide

b)

glucose

c)

fatty acids stored as TAGs

6.

What enzyme cleaves 3 FAs from TAGs?

a)

pancreatic enzymes

b)

HS lipase

c)

debranching enzyme

7.

What transports free Fatty acids through the blood?

a)

Albumin

b)

chylomicrons

8.

Where are FA oxidized to generate Acetyl-CoA, NADH and FADH2?

a)

muscle

b)

adipose tissue

c)

kidney

d)

liver

9.

What is generated from B-oxidation of fatty acids in the liver?

a)

NADH

b)

NADPH

c)

acetyl-CoA

d)

FADH2

10.

What is an alternate fuel source during fasting?

a)

ketones

b)

glulcose

11.

What is the starting material used to produce ketone bodies?

a)

citrate

b)

glucose

c)

Acetyl-CoA

d)

NADH

12.

Ketones bodies require carriers to be transported through the blood.

a)

True

b)

False

13.

Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate are

a)

ketones

b)

esters

c)

amino acids

d)

basic

14.

Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate are

a)

organic bases

b)

organic acids

15.

Palmitic acid (16:0) is soluble in blood.

a)

True

b)

False

16.

Which organ is the primary organ for ketone body synthasis?

a)

Kidney

b)

Liver

c)

Pancreas

17.

The liver can also use ketones and break them down for energy.

a)

True

b)

False

18.

What causes ketogenesis?

a)

fed state

b)

fasting/starving

c)

eating carbohydrates

d)

restricting carb intake

19.

What is considered starvation conditions?

a)

4-24 hours

b)

>24 hours

c)

<24 hours

20.

Ketogenesis leads to intensive mobilization of FA by the adipose tissue (lipolysis)

a)

True

b)

False

21.

Ketone bodies are used as replacement glucose in which tissues?

a)

cardiac muscle

b)

skeletal muscle

c)

kidneys

d)

liver

22.

When we have high levels of acetyl-CoA from B-oxidation of FA....

a)

ketogenesis

b)

glycolysis

23.

During fasting conditions, Oxalaoacetate is diverted to

a)

glycolysis

b)

citric acid cycle

c)

gluconeogenesis

24.

What are the 2 ketone bodies?

a)

acetoacetate

b)

acetyl CoA

c)

glucose

d)

B-hydroxybutyrate

25.

Ketone bodies are used in

a)

liver

b)

extrahepatic tissues

26.

If acetyl-CoA is NOT feeding into the citric acid cycle, oxaloacetate will start feeding into gluconeogenesis to make glucose for the brain.

a)

True

b)

False

27.

In fasting state, increased B-oxidation does what to acetyl Co-A levels?

a)

increases

b)

decreases

28.

Acetyl CoA INHIBITS

a)

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

b)

pyruvate carboxylase

29.

A buildup of acetyl CoA does what to the TCA?

a)

Inhibits

b)

Activates

30.

Increases Acetyl CoA ACTIVATES...

a)

pyrvate dehydrogenase complex

b)

Pyruvate carboxylase

c)

CAC

31.

increase pyruvate carboxylase --> more oxaloacetate --> promotes gluconeogenesis --> releases glucose for the brain

a)

True

b)

False

32.

What must be present for Acetyl CoA to enter the CAC?

a)

sufficient oxaloacetate

b)

ketone bodies

c)

lactate

33.

During fasting state, acetyl CoA enters

a)

CAC

b)

ketogenesis

34.

Where does beta oxidation occur?

a)

cytoplasm

b)

Smooth ER

c)

mitochondrial matrix

35.

B-oxidation GENERATES acetyl CoA while ketogenesis REQUIRES acetyl CoA

a)

True

b)

False

36.

Where does ketogenesis occur?

a)

mitochondrial matrix of liver cell

b)

cytoplasm of liver cell

c)

smooth ER

d)

golgi body

37.

Other than the liver, where can ketogenesis occur?

a)

renal cortex

b)

not this

38.

Acetyl CoA is the precursor for ALL 3 ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate)

a)

True

b)

False

39.

What joins 2 acetyl CoAs together in ketogenesis?

a)

HMG-CoA synthase

b)

thiolase

40.

The first step of ketogenesis is the reverse of the last step of beta oxidation.

a)

True

b)

False

41.

Formation of acetoacetyl CoA is very favorable direction of thiolase reaction.

a)

True

b)

False

42.

What is the rate limiting step of ketone body synthesis?

a)

thiolase

b)

HMG CoA synthase

43.

How many CoA's are freed from the formation of HMG-CoA in ketogenesis?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

44.

Where is the ONLY place HMG-CoA lyase is present?

a)

mitochondrial matrix of the liver

b)

cytosol of the liver

c)

pancreas

45.

CoA-SH must be removed from HMG-CoA via HMG-CoA lyase in order to traffic its products to other tissues.

a)

True

b)

False

46.

Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate are products of HMG-CoA

a)

True

b)

False

47.

Acetoacetate can enter the blood directly OR

a)

be reduced to B-hydroxybutyrate

b)

be used it beta oxidation

48.

Which has more energy?

a)

Acetoacetate

b)

B-hydroxybutyrate

49.

What causes acetoacetate to become acetone instead of B-hydroxybutyrate?

a)

spontaneous decarboxylation

b)

reduction reaction

50.

What happens if acetone is formed instead of B-hydroxybutyrate?

a)

acetone goes on to fuel TCA

b)

acetone is volatile and exhaled in lungs

c)

acetone is used as alternate energy source to glucose

51.

What is sent to extrahepatic tissues to be used in energy production?

a)

acetone

b)

HMG-CoA

c)

Acetoacetate and B-Hydroxybutyrate

52.

What determines equilibrium of acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate?

a)

FADH2

b)

ATP

c)

NAD+/NADH ratio

53.

NADH is higher during fasting due to increased B-oxidation.

a)

True

b)

False

54.

How many B-hydroxybutyrates are made from acetoacetate?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

55.

How many acetones are made from acetoacetate?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

56.

HMG-CoA lyase is present only in the mitochondrial matrix of the liver.

a)

True

b)

False

57.

The CoA-SH formed from ketogenesis can be used for

a)

nothing...it gets exhaled

b)

allows for B-oxidation to continue

c)

Needed to activate FA

d)

Need for thiolysis to generate Acetyl-CoA

58.

Acetone from ketogenesis is used for

a)

allows for continued B-oxidation

b)

not usually generated under normal conditions

c)

nothing...it gets exhaled through lungs

d)

Causes fruity odor in mouth

59.

Acetoacetate that is formed from ketogenesis can be used for....

a)

gets exhaled in lungs

b)

is not as reduced as B-hydroxybutyrate

c)

used for energy production

d)

sent to extrahepatic tissues

60.

B-hydroxybutyrate that is formed in ketogenesis can be used for....

a)

sent to extrahepatic tissues

b)

the most reduced ketone body (has more energy)

c)

used for energy production

d)

Predominate ketone body that is formed (3:1)

61.

What organ is the source for ketone bodies?

a)

kidney

b)

pancreas

c)

liver

d)

stomach

62.

The liver is a producer of ketone bodies but it cannot consume them for energy.

a)

True

b)

False

63.

The liver is ALWAYS synthesizing ketone bodies, but during fasting state, liver increases ketone body formation.

a)

True

b)

False

64.

Why can't the liver USE ketone bodies for fuel?

a)

the liver can use ketone bodies for fuel

b)

It does not need oxygen

c)

it lacks thiophorase to breakdown acetoacetate into 2 acetyl-CoAs

65.

Extrahepatic tissues take in B-hydroxybutyrate from the blood and transports it to ____

a)

the mitochondrial matrix

b)

the cytosol

c)

the nucleus

66.

In the mitochondrial matrix, B-hydroxybutyrate is oxidized back to

a)

acetoacetate

b)

Acetone

67.

The energy produced from acetoacetate is equal to the oxidation of 2 acetyl CoA entering the CAC

a)

True

b)

False

68.

How much ATP is yielded from the oxidation of B-hydroxybutyrate?

a)

2

b)

32

c)

22.5

69.

Total ATP from glucose yields...

a)

2

b)

32

c)

22.5

70.

Ketogenic amino acids will

a)

used to make glucose

b)

used to make ketones

71.

Ketogenic amino acids can be converted to Acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA

a)

true

b)

false

72.

Glucogenic aa can be converted into acetyl CoA.

a)

True

b)

False

73.

The metabolic priority during prolonged starvation is to

a)

maintain blood glucose levels

b)

preserve proteins

74.

Initially during fasting state, AA are degraded into glucogenic and ketogenic aa.

a)

True

b)

False

75.

The second priority during prolonged starvation is to

a)

maintain blood glucose levels

b)

preserve proteins

76.

During starvation, the body shifts from using glucose to using ___ for fuels

a)

fatty acids

b)

not this

77.

What plasma levels change the most during starvation?

a)

glucose

b)

ketone bodies

c)

fatty acids

78.

The body can only use 30% of muscle for energy.

a)

True

b)

False

79.

increased FA (from lypolysis) promotes hepatic ketone body synthesis during fasting

a)

true

b)

false

80.

How is FA synthesis turned off during fasting?

a)

Malonyl-CoA formation is inhibited

b)

Carnitine shuttle is activated

81.

TCA gets shut down during fasting. What happens to oxaloacetate?

a)

it is used in ketone body synthesis

b)

it gets used in gluconeogenesis

82.

Beta oxidation is active during starvation.

a)

True

b)

False

83.

Diabetic ketoacidosis results from

a)

too much insulin and too much glucose uptake from blood

b)

the body does not take up glucose from blood (body thinks it is starving)

84.

overproduction of ketone bodies

a)

ketosis

b)

not this

85.

ketone bodies are ____

a)

organic bases

b)

organic acids

86.

Ketone bodies can ionize and release protons

a)

True

b)

False

87.

ketoacidosis is when blood pH is too low and ketones are too high.

a)

True

b)

False

88.

diabetic ketoacidosis results from cells not taking in glucose from the blood --> body thinks it is starving --> increased FA breakdown --> increased Acetyl CoA --> increased Acetyl CoA drives ketone body synthesis for energy since no glucose --> ketone bodies are overproduced --> ionize in the blood ---> protons are released --> blood pH drops

a)

True

b)

False

89.

ketogenic diet

a)

high carb, low fat

b)

low carb, high fat

90.

In ketogenic diet --> decrease glucose intake (low carb) --> body starts breaking down adipose into FA --> FA used to make acetyl CoA --> ketone bodies formed

a)

True

b)

False

91.

Advantages of ketone bodies

a)

make more energy than glucose

b)

water soluble

c)

can be used by heart, kidney, brain nerves, and muscles during starvation

d)

can be used by liver

92.

Disadvantages of ketones

a)

not as much energy as oxidation of FA or glucose

b)

can't be used by liver for energy

c)

ketones are easily transported in the blood

d)

excess ketogenesis can lead to ketoacidosis