the title of a Turkish officer of high rank.

large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories.

moral or spiritual authority; the term later came to denote political or governmental power and from the 11th century was used as a title by Muslim sovereigns.

a usually secluded house or part of a house allotted to women in some Muslim households.

the chief officer of state of a Muslim country especially during the Ottoman Empire.

religious leaders with knowledge of Persian and religious literature

title of the kings of Iran, or Persia.

Traditional beliefs, especially in religion.

a society without rules or rulers

The land owning Nobility of India

the act or custom of a Hindu widow burning herself to death or being burned to death on the funeral pyre of her husband

in Qing China, a separate military unit made up of Manchus' the empire's chief fighting force

Economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profit

"Great names" heads of noble families in Japan who controlled vast landed estates and relied on the Samurai for protection

one of approximately 250 domains Japan was divided under the Tokugawa

a system used by the shogunate to control the daimyo in Japan; the family of the daimyo lord were forced to stay at their residence in the capital whenever the lord was absent from it

"Earth centered" model that puts the Earth at the center of the universe, with all celestial bodies orbiting around it.

a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

"Sun centered" the system of the universe proposed by Nicholas Copernicus, who argued that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun

"Philosopher" applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

an eighteenth century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

The concept that the state should not impose government regulations, but should leave the economy alone

concept proposed by Rousseau that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, and all individuals should be forced to abide by the general will since it represents what is best for the entire community

an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s, it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action