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WorksheetsHuman Capital and Society
Total questions: 123
Worksheet time: 1hrs 6mins
What is culture?
It includes the thoughts and things present within a society
What is nonmaterial culture?
The ideas created by members of a society
What is material culture?
The physical things created by members of a society
Is instinct culture?
Yes
No
Culture is equal to human nature
Yes
No
What is instinct?
Biological programming over which species has control
Biological programming over which species has no control
What is culture shock?
The personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
Person may feel when happy when experiencing new things
Culture is not:
Nation or society
What is a nation
A political entity: a territory with designated borders
What is society?
The organized interaction of people who typically live in a nation or some other specific territory
Its not one culture per one
society
Four elements of culture:
Food
Music
Symbols
Languages
Symbols
Languages
Values
Norms
Norms
Values
Beliefs
Music
Persons
Family
Beliefs
Languages
Symbols:
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Allows for communication between people and culture
Language:
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Allows for communication between people and culture
Cultural Transmission
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Allows for communication between people and culture
What does language do?
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
The process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Allows for communication between people and culture
Are values and beliefs are NOT the same
True
False
Values:
Specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true
Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable good and beautiful
Serves as a broad guideline for social living
Should reflect personal merit
Success in means of making money and enjoying what it will buy
Beliefs:
Specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true
Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable good and beautiful
Serves as a broad guideline for social living
Should reflect personal merit
Success in means of making money and enjoying what it will buy
Equal opportunity:
We all have an opportunity to do something
While we all have the opportunity to do something you must acknowledge that the playing field is not level and you try to fix it
Should reflect personal merit
Success in means of making money and enjoying what it will buy
Equality of condition:
We all have an opportunity to do something
While we all have the opportunity to do something you must acknowledge that the playing field is not level and you try to fix it
Should reflect personal merit
Success in means of making money and enjoying what it will buy
Achievement and success:
We all have an opportunity to do something
While we all have the opportunity to do something you must acknowledge that the playing field is not level and you try to fix it
Should reflect personal merit
Success in means of making money and enjoying what it will buy
Material comfort:
We all have an opportunity to do something
While we all have the opportunity to do something you must acknowledge that the playing field is not level and you try to fix it
Should reflect personal merit
Success in means of making money and enjoying what it will buy
Activity and Work:
Valuing action over reflection
While we all have the opportunity to do something you must acknowledge that the playing field is not level and you try to fix it
Should reflect personal merit
Success in means of making money and enjoying what it will buy
Practicality and Efficiency
Valuing the practical over the theoretical
The present is often better than the past and the future will be better than the present
Science will improve the quality of our lives
Individuals have rights that the government should not take away
Progress
Valuing the practical over the theoretical
The present is often better than the past and the future will be better than the present
Science will improve the quality of our lives
Individuals have rights that the government should not take away
Science
Valuing the practical over the theoretical
The present is often better than the past and the future will be better than the present
Science will improve the quality of our lives
Individuals have rights that the government should not take away
Democracy & Free Enterprise
Valuing the practical over the theoretical
The present is often better than the past and the future will be better than the present
Science will improve the quality of our lives
Individuals have rights that the government should not take away
Freedom
Valuing one group over another
Individuality is better than collective conformity
Science will improve the quality of our lives
Individuals have rights that the government should not take away
Racism & Group Superiority
Valuing one group over another
Individuality is better than collective conformity
Science will improve the quality of our lives
Individuals have rights that the government should not take away
Culture is more likely to change as
Populations grow more diverse
Norms
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
Norms for routine or casual interaction
Rewards and punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms
Mores
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
Norms for routine or casual interaction
Rewards and punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms
Folkways
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
Norms for routine or casual interaction
Rewards and punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms
Sanctions
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Norms are attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behavior
Norms for routine or casual interaction
Rewards and punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms
Social Control
Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Norms are attempts by society to regulate peoples thoughts and behavior
Norms for routine or casual interaction
Rewards and punishments that encourage conformity to cultural norms
What is technology?
The knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
It represents the materialization of culture
Technology is dynamic and heavily influences culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
What does it represents?
The knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
It represents the materialization of culture
Technology is dynamic and heavily influences culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
Does technology change?
The knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
It represents the materialization of culture
Technology is dynamic and heavily influences culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
Born Abroad:
47 million
14% of the population
280 million
86% of the population
1.3 million
Born Domestically:
47 million
14% of the population
280 million
86% of the population
1.3 million
How many people immigrate to the US in a year?
47 million
14% of the population
280 million
86% of the population
1.3 million
High Culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
When some cultural elements change more quickly than others
Popular Culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
When some cultural elements change more quickly than others
Cultural Lag
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
When some cultural elements change more quickly than others
What Causes cultural change
Invention
Discovery
Diffusion
All of the above
Invention
The spread of cultural traits from one society to another
The recognizing and understanding more fully something already in existence
The process of creating new cultural elements
Discovery
The spread of cultural traits from one society to another
The recognizing and understanding more fully something already in existence
The process of creating new cultural elements
Diffusion
The spread of cultural traits from one society to another
The recognizing and understanding more fully something already in existence
The process of creating new cultural elements
Enthnocentrism
The practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture
The practice of judging a culture by its own standards
people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
Cultural Relativism
The practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture
The practice of judging a culture by its own standards
people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
Social Conflict
The practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture
The practice of judging a culture by its own standards
people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
The struggle between segments of society over valued resources
Social Institutions
Society is a state of contradiction
The subsystems of society and social life that work together to meet human needs
people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
The struggle between segments of society over valued resources
Haves vs Have-Nots
Haves: proletarians
Haves: capitalists
Have Nots: capitalists
Have nots: proletarians
Capitalists
People who own and operate factories and other business in pursuit of profit
People who sell their wages
A system in which people commonly own and equally share food and other things they produce
The conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's wealth and power
Proletarian
People who own and operate factories and other business in pursuit of profit
People who sell their wages
A system in which people commonly own and equally share food and other things they produce
The conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's wealth and power
Communism
People who own and operate factories and other business in pursuit of profit
People who sell their wages
A system in which people commonly own and equally share food and other things they produce
The conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's wealth and power
Class Conflict
People who own and operate factories and other business in pursuit of profit
People who sell their wages
A system in which people commonly own and equally share food and other things they produce
The conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society's wealth and power
The existence of the economy turns a small part of the population into capitalists
True
False
Capitalist production will always create a conflict between capitalists and proletarians
True
False
What did Marx believe
As trade increased and cities grew merchants and skilled craft workers formed an new capitalists class
(Bourgeoise)
Conflict is the engine that drives social change
People do not make society unequal
Capitalism does
Best way to keep profits high is to keep wages low
The ruling class
Sell their labor
the experience of isolation and misery from powerlessness
Own productive property
Workers are just a source of labor
The oppressed
Sell their labor
the experience of isolation and misery from powerlessness
Own productive property
Workers are just a source of labor
Alienation
Sell their labor
the experience of isolation and misery from powerlessness
Ex.
Workers find little satisfaction about their jobs
Ex.
Workers are just a source
of labor
Four forms of alienation:
Act of working
Product of work
Product of misery
Product of working hard at your task
Four forms of alienation:
From human potential
From other workers
Product of misery
Product of working hard at your task
Max Weber's views
about materialism
about idealism
about facism
about communism
Idealism
An abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon
Doesn't mean good or bad
Values and beliefs passed down from generation to generation
A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a task
The notion that beliefs and values shape society
Ideal Type
An abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon
Doesn't mean good or bad
Values and beliefs passed down from generation to generation
A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a task
The notion that beliefs and values shape society
Tradition
An abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon
Doesn't mean good or bad
Values and beliefs passed down from generation to generation
A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a task
The notion that beliefs and values shape society
Rationality
An abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon
Doesn't mean good or bad
Values and beliefs passed down from generation to generation
A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a task
The notion that beliefs and values shape society
Traditional Societies:
Consistent with preindustrial societies
Guided by the past
Feel a strong attachment to the long established ways of life
Actions are considered right/proper beause they have been accepted for a long period of time
Rational Societies:
People think and act on the present and future consequences of their actions
Traditional is one but not the only type of information
Consistent with industrial societies
Actions are considered right/proper beause they have been accepted for a long period of time
The rationalization of society
Societies typically shift from more traditional to rational
Sometimes people are disenchanted with rationality
Technology appears as societies become more rational
According to Marx, is capitalism rational?
No, he thought it was irrational because it fails to. meet the basic needs of all people
Yes, he says that capitalism allows for the most rational (and efficient) way for people to acquire money
According to Weber, is capitalism rational?
No, he thought it was irrational because it fails to. meet the basic needs of all people
Yes, he says that capitalism allows for the most rational (and efficient) way for people to acquire money
Gerhard Lenksi believed in Sociocultural evolution,
what is it?
Limited control over nature;
Can only support a few people
Changes occur when a society gains a new technology
Greater control over nature;
Can support a large amount people
The simplest societies.
Use simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation
Simple Technology
Limited control over nature;
Can only support a few people
Changes occur when a society gains a new technology
Greater control over nature;
Can support a large amount people
The simplest societies.
Use simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation
Complex Technology
Limited control over nature;
Can only support a few people
Changes occur when a society gains a new technology
Greater control over nature;
Can support a large amount people
The simplest societies.
Use simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation
Hunting and Gathering societies are
Limited control over nature;
Can only support a few people
Changes occur when a society gains a new technology
Greater control over nature;
Can support a large amount people
The simplest societies.
Use simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation
Which is true
Complex technology is better for society
complex technology is not necessarily better for society
complex tech causes a more productive society
society has more problems and is worse off because of complex tech
Which society relies on heavy family support?
Family members:
1. obtain and distribute food
2. protect its members
3. teach its way of life to children
Hunting and gathering societies
Horticultural and pastoral societies
Agrarian societies
industrial societies
Which society:
- Age and gender have some affect on what an individual does
Populations are small
There is LITTLE social inequality
Hunting and gathering societies
Horticultural and pastoral societies
Agrarian societies
industrial societies
Which society:
- Led to job specilaization
- People can do things other than provide food
- Societies start to become more diverse
- People start accumulating wealth and power
- Population expanded from dozens to hundreds
- Different societies started to connect via bartering
Hunting and gathering societies
Horticultural and pastoral societies
Agrarian societies
industrial societies
Which society:
- "Dawn of civilization"
- Worked with agriculture
- More specialization of jobs in society
- A more familiar economy
- More extreme level of social inequality than in modern societies
- More food can be created
- More ability to transport goods
- Money is invented
Hunting and gathering societies
Horticultural and pastoral societies
Agrarian societies
industrial societies
Which society:
- The wealthiest societies are the first to grow into this
- First occurred in mid 1800
- Changes in technology was very rapid
- Biggest changes in transportation and communication
Hunting and gathering societies
Horticultural and pastoral societies
Agrarian societies
industrial societies
Increased food production leads to material surplus
Yes
No
Agriculture
The use of hand tools to raise crop
Domestication of animals
Population expanded from dozens to hundreds of people
Large scale cultivation using plows harnessed by animals or more powerful energy sources
Pastoral
The use of hand tools to raise crop
Domestication of animals
Population expanded from dozens to hundreds of people
Different societies started to connect
ex. Bartering
What is true of agrarian societies
The poorest (slaves) do manual labor
the wealthiest do more "refined" activities (art, literature, religion)
Women and men used to both do food accumulating activities
Now, men assume more important positions - Women perform supporting tasks
Religon is different
Art is different
Industrialism
The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive machinery
The production of information using computer technology
The most recent type of society
Large scale cultivation using plows harnessed by animals
Post-Industrialism
The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive machinery
The production of information using computer technology
The most recent type of society
Large scale cultivation using plows harnessed by animals
How did the nature of work change in industrial societies
Work was moved from home to energy sources
Farm to city values changed
Job specialization
Standards of living increased
Social inequality increased
What is the difference between postindustrial and industrial?
Economic production no longer relies on factories and machines
Less of the labor forces is needed in factories and work can be done anywhere
Distinctive social institutions
Specialization of institutions (the economy politics education religion)
are a rational strategy to meet human needs more efficiently
Organizing and managing people to accomplish things in small groups isn't as efficient as large scale
People in modern societies have very specialized jobs
Modern societies put a premium on self discipline
Employers and cultural values encourage self-discipline to be successful
Large scale organization
Specialization of institutions (the economy politics education religion)
are a rational strategy to meet human needs more efficiently
Organizing and managing people to accomplish things in small groups isn't as efficient as large scale
People in modern societies have very specialized jobs
Modern societies put a premium on self discipline
Employers and cultural values encourage self-discipline to be successful
Specialized tasks
Specialization of institutions (the economy politics education religion)
are a rational strategy to meet human needs more efficiently
Organizing and managing people to accomplish things in small groups isn't as efficient as large scale
People in modern societies have very specialized jobs
Modern societies put a premium on self discipline
Employers and cultural values encourage self-discipline to be successful
Self - Discipline
Specialization of institutions (the economy politics education religion)
are a rational strategy to meet human needs more efficiently
Organizing and managing people to accomplish things in small groups isn't as efficient as large scale
People in modern societies have very specialized jobs
Modern societies put a premium on self discipline
Employers and cultural values encourage self-discipline to be successful
Specialized tasks
Specialization of institutions (the economy politics education religion)
are a rational strategy to meet human needs more efficiently
Organizing and managing people to accomplish things in small groups isn't as efficient as large scale
People in modern societies have very specialized jobs
Modern societies put a premium on self discipline
Employers and cultural values encourage self-discipline to be successful
Awareness of time
Specialization of institutions (the economy politics education religion)
are a rational strategy to meet human needs more efficiently
Measurement of time is a precise
People possess greater skills training and education
People who are valued on their ability not just who they are
People are very concerned with getting things done
Modern people devalue emotion (especially in decision making)
Technical competence
Specialization of institutions (the economy politics education religion)
are a rational strategy to meet human needs more efficiently
Measurement of time is a precise
People possess greater skills training and education
People who are valued on their ability not just who they are
People are very concerned with getting things done
Modern people devalue emotion (especially in decision making)
Impersonality
Specialization of institutions (the economy politics education religion)
are a rational strategy to meet human needs more efficiently
Measurement of time is a precise
People possess greater skills training and education
People who are valued on their ability not just who they are
People are very concerned with getting things done
Modern people devalue emotion (especially in decision making)
Bureaucracy
The patterns of behavior - cultural norms value and beliefs that exists as established structures in society
An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
A condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals
the community punishes people who dare to challenge conventional ways of life
Social Facts
The patterns of behavior - cultural norms value and beliefs that exists as established structures in society
An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
A condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals
the community punishes people who dare to challenge conventional ways of life
Anomie
The patterns of behavior - cultural norms value and beliefs that exists as established structures in society
An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
A condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals
the community punishes people who dare to challenge conventional ways of life
Collective conscious
The patterns of behavior - cultural norms value and beliefs that exists as established structures in society
An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
A condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals
the community punishes people who dare to challenge conventional ways of life
Bureaucracy and capitalism have a lot in common.
Both must operate precisely, unambiguously, continuously and fast
True
False
Does Weber believe capitalism alienate?
Bureaucracy causes alienation by treating people as parts of a large organization and not individuals
Alienation is due to economic inequality (caused by capitalism)
Capitalism is highly productive
Capitalism and modern society generates alienation
Does Marx believe capitalism alienate?
Bureaucracy causes alienation by treating people as parts of a large organization and not individuals
Alienation is due to economic inequality (caused by capitalism)
Capitalism is highly productive
Capitalism and modern society generates alienation
What does Emile Durkheim believe?
Bureaucracy causes alienation by treating people as parts of a large organization and not individuals
Society us more than the individuals who compose it
Society is an environment. It existed before us and will exist after us
Capitalism and modern society generates alienation
What does social facts do?
Social facts help enable a society's function
What does society do?
Helps form individuals personality
provides moral decline that guides behaviors and helps control desires
Emphasis restraint
it helps people not be overpowered by individual wants
All of the above
Why is there anomie?
Because modern societies impose fewer restrictions on people than traditional societies
What does anomie do?
Anomie refers to a condition in which society provides less moral guidance to individuals than traditional society
Anomie refers to a condition in which society provides a lot of moral guidance to individuals
Anomie disrupts established values and norms.
It also breaks down societies support and regulation of the individual
Mechanical Solidarity
Social bonds are based on common sentiments and shared moral values
Strong among members of preindustrial societies
People are bound by tradition
Social bonds are based on specialization and interdependence
Strong among members of industrial societies
Organic Solidarity
Social bonds are based on common sentiments and shared moral values
People are bound by needs for others
Based on differences
Social bonds are based on specialization and interdependence
Strong among members of industrial societies
Organic Solidarity
Based on differences
Based on similarities
Mechanical Solidarity
Based on differences
Based on similarities
Specialized economic activity leads to societies becoming more efficient
False
True
Four views of society
Technology
Societies evolve and become more complex
As society evolves inequality increases
Society is in a constant state of conflict
There are haves and have-nots
Members of society share a world view
As society evolves there is a shift to rationality
Society is bound together by solidarity
Solidarity shifts from mechanical to organic
Four views of society
Conflict
Societies evolve and become more complex
As society evolves inequality increases
Society is in a constant state of conflict
There are haves and have-nots
Members of society share a world view
As society evolves there is a shift to rationality
Society is bound together by solidarity
Solidarity shifts from mechanical to organic
Four views of society
Idealism
Societies evolve and become more complex
As society evolves inequality increases
Society is in a constant state of conflict
There are haves and have-nots
Members of society share a world view
As society evolves there is a shift to rationality
Society is bound together by solidarity
Solidarity shifts from mechanical to organic
Four views of society
Function
Societies evolve and become more complex
As society evolves inequality increases
Society is in a constant state of conflict
There are haves and have-nots
Members of society share a world view
As society evolves there is a shift to rationality
Society is bound together by solidarity
Solidarity shifts from mechanical to organic
