Integrated transport hubs (e.g. Woodlands Interchange) improve convenience and speed up bus-train transfers which make public transport an a (a)   mode of transport. As such, more people may switch from private transport to public transport, thereby reducing traffic congestion and carbon footprint.

The bus lane scheme invovles setting a (a)   road lanes for buses during particular times of the day. This helps to decrease travelling time on buses which are also likely to arrive punctually, even during peak hours. This advantage may entice more commuters to travel by bus instead of private transport.

One challenge of the bus lane scheme is that since one lane is reserved for buses, congestion may occur on o (a)   lanes.

Expanding train networks - As more places can be reached efficiently and conveniently by train, more people will switch from private transport to public transport. Since rail transport can move more passengers than road transport, the number of vehicles on the road will be reduced, hence easing traffic c (a)   .

The strategy which c (a)   drivers for using certain roads to reduce traffic congestion is known as road pricing .

One limitation of Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is that traffic may be d (a)   to other roads as drivers avoid the ERP, leading to congestion elsewhere.

More cycling networks and supporting facilities provide for s (a)   and convenient cycling. This will encourage more people to cycle to work or access commercial services, resulting in the reduction of private motorised vehicles on the road.

Without proper training on cycling etiquette or raod safety, cyclists may pose a d (a)   to themselves, motorists and pedestrians.

Electric vehicles (EVs) produce z (a)   exhaust emissions as they are battery-operated and do not use petrol to operate. Thus, EV adoption will lead to the emission of less pollutants (e.g. particulate matter) and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

S (a)   zones improve mobility of the elderly. Features include reduced speed limits of 40km/h and two-stage crossings that allow senior pedestrians to rest in the middle of crossings. These reduce the incidence of accidents/enable elderly pedestrians to cross the roads safely.

The Mobility Assistance for the Visually Impaired and Selected Users (MAVIS) mobile application allows visually impaired commuters activate an a (a)   announcement at their boarding bus stop to guide them to their bus when it is arriving. This helps them to move around more easily, allowing them to access goods and services or carry out their daily activiites independently.

HOUSING: In i (a)   land-use planning, different stakeholders come together to make decissions to develop and coordinate activities in a sustainable fashion so that econimc, social and environmental needs can be met. Amenities, transport and other support services need to be built within or surrounding housing projects.

Integrated land-use planning can create self-c (a)   towns that are more liveable and sustainable. However, it requires the coordination of many stakeholders which is difficult to implement in countries where many different groups have many competing perspectives.

Provision of inclusive public housing means that a range of housing is provided to meet the needs of different g (a)   of people, regardless of their age and physical abilities. Eg. 3-Generation family playgrounds which cater to the elderly, adults and children.

Making public housing inclusive is costly since added cost is needed to provide access to groups with special needs. Also catering to a variety of housing types means that more t (a)   and effort is needed to vary the designs of public housing.

Green roofs and walls help to reduce the t (a)   of the surroundings, hence reducing the need for air-conditioning.

Environmentally-friendly technologies/features are e (a)   to install. Also, some residents may percieve these features as being inconvenient as they may not understand the benefit.

Slum improvement projects such as the Favela Bairro, Brazil seek to improve access to b (a)   services and the building quality of homes while involving the local community in the formulation/implementation of housing policies.

While improving slum conditions leads to better health and quality of life for occupants, they may run contrary to long-term city development plans since these informal housing settlements are bult on land not intended for h (a)   use. Also, crime rates, unemployment and stigmatisation of those living in such circumstances still remain.