The administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Peru in the Americas.

Seals of power of the Spanish officials representing the king in the New World.

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native

Americans as laborers on it.

every adult male had to spend one full year out of 7

working in the mines at wages sufficient for his support or his family.

Advisory groups to viceroys in Spanish America.

The transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between

Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies and the colonies of the Americas.

The global transfer of plants, animals and diseases that occurred during the European

colonization of the Americas.