The order in which the frame check sequence and encryption functions are performed is not critical for authentication.

A recipient in possession of the secret key cannot generate an authentication code to verify the integrity of the message.

One means of forming a MAC is to combine a cryptographic hash function in some fashion with a secret key.

A brute-force attack on a MAC is easier than a brute-force attack on a hash function.

Message authentication may also verify sequencing and timeliness.

The security of any MAC function based on an embedded hash function depends in some way on the cryptographic strength of the underlying hash function.

The straightforward use of public-key encryption provides confidentiality and authentication.

An important characteristic of the MAC algorithm is that it needs to be reversible.

As with encryption algorithms and hash functions cryptanalytic attacks on MAC algorithms seek to exploit some property of the

algorithm to perform some attack other than an exhaustive search.

To attack MD5, the attacker can choose any set of messages and work on these offline on a dedicated computing facility to find a

collision.

A CTR-based authenticated encryption approach is the most efficient mode of operation for high-speed packet networks.

If the calculated frame check sequence is equal to the incoming frame check sequence the message is considered authentic.

Message encryption by itself cannot provide a measure of authentication.

_________ encryption provides authentication among those who share the secret key.

The __________ mode of operation is designed to be parallelizable so that it can provide high throughput with low cost and low latency.

Insertion of messages into the network from a fraudulent source is a __________ attack.

Confidentiality can be provided by performing message encryption __________ the MAC algorithm.

A __________ is an algorithm that requires the use of a secret key.

"Release of message contents to any person or process not possessing the appropriate cryptographic key" is a __________ attack.

With _________ authentication, an opponent would have difficulty generating ciphertext that when decrypted would have valid error control bits.

The MAC function is a __________ function.

The appeal of __________ is that its designers have been able to prove an exact relationship between the strength of the embedded hash function and the strength of this form of authentication.

Two MACs that are based on the use of a block cipher mode of operation are Data Authentication Algorithm and __________ .

The MAC does not provide a digital signature because both sender and receiver share the same key.