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WorksheetsExam review 3
Total questions: 30
Worksheet time: 17mins
What is the meaning of perception? ( multiple answers)
the process of the brain organizing and interpreting sensory information
process which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Sending message in your brain saying that you felt something
Enabling us to recognize objects and events as meaningful
what is the difference between sensation and perception?
sensation is about emotional feelings and perception is interpreting the emotions
sensation is a continuous process and perception is a unconscious process
sensation is about our sensory receptors and perception is about how we interpret the sensory information
perception is about our sensory receptors and sensation is about interpret the sensory information
"information processing that guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations." correlates with what word?
Bottom-up processing
learning process
top-down processing
sensation process
"When you sensory system converts outside energy into a form our brain can use. Like vision processes light energy and hearing processes sound waves."
Absolute threshold
Transduction
perception
sensory receptors
Which is NOT involved with Absolute threshold?
involves the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the the time
subliminal-presenting a stimulus below conscious threshold
priming-one stimulus influences a second stimulus
parallel processing-processing multiple aspects of stimulus or problem simultaneously
" For an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not a constant amount)" Which correlates with this definition?
Hering's Law of Visual Perception
Weber-Fetchner Law
Gestalt Law of Proximity
Young-Helmholtz Theory of Color Vision
What is the definition eye-to-brain pathways ?
nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
light-energy particles trigger chemical reactions in receptors cells, and rods. and cones, which form an outer layer of cells of the retina at the back of the eye
What is the difference between Young-Helmholtz's trichromatic theory and Hering's hypothesis (opponent-process theory)?
Young says that opposing retinal processes enable color vision. Hering says that the eye must have three corresponding color receptor types
Hering says that retinal receptors that detect black, white, gray are sensitive to movement. Young says that retinal receptors that detect red, green, and blue are sensitive to movement.
Hering's says that opposing retinal process enable color vision. Young says that the eye must have three corresponding color receptor types (red,green,blue wavelengths).
"Specialized nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shapes , angle, or movement." correspond to what word?
parallel processing
features detection
accommodation
opposing process theory
grouping (is the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups) What are the coherent groups?
shape, size, color
red, green, blue
proximity, continuity, closure
number, location, size
when retinal images from the two eyes compare images to the brain then computes distance?
binocular cues
figure-ground
monocular cues
retinal disparity
What are sound waves made of ?
nerves in the ear
sensory in the the ear
bands of compressed and expanded air that are detected in human ears and transform them into neural impulses
stimulus sensory information into brain
How does sound waves enter through the ear?
Vibrating air enters the outer ear and passes through the auditory canal to the eardrum
vibrating air enters the auditory cortex.
Air enter the cochlea and through the middle ear
Air goes through the cochlea and then the inner ear then trigger impulses in nerve cells.
sound waves goes through middle ear to pick up the vibrations and then transmit them cochlea -in the inner ear-.
How does our brain get a signal of pain?
By the temperature of our body
Sensory receptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending an impulse to the spinal cord.
By seeing blood
By sensory receptors sending an impulse the thalamus.
"involves influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgment." For example, person will sit in a comfortable chair will make there judgement more fair or nice. What correlates with this definition?
olfaction
Kinesthesia
sensory interaction
Embodied cognition
How do psychologists define learning?
The acquisition of knowledge and skills through genetic inheritance.
The process of unchangingly responding to a stimulus in a specific way.
Process of acquiring through experience new and relatively
enduring information or behaviors
The ability to adapt to new situations and environments without any prior experience.
Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of classical conditioning compared to operant conditioning?
It emphasizes the association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
In classical conditioning, behaviors are reinforced or punished to modify future behavior.
Operant conditioning primarily focuses on reflexive, automatic responses.
Classical conditioning emphasizes the use of rewards and punishments to shape behavior.
In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, what was the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the conditioned stimulus (CS), respectively?
US: The sound of a bell; CS: Salivation in response to food.
US: The dog's natural hunger; CS: The presentation of food.
US: The presentation of food; CS: The dog's natural hunger.
US: The presentation of food CS: The sound of a bell.
In the context of classical conditioning, what is the term for the phase during which an organism learns to associate a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Extinction
Generalization
Acquisition
Discrimination
If Pavlov introduced another bell with a different pitch to his experiment, and the dogs were able to distinguish that bell from the "food" bell, then that would be an example of:
Generalization
Extinction
Discrimination
Spontaneous recovery
A child eats their vegetables to avoid being scolded by their parents. This is an example of:
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Punishment
In a Fixed Interval (FI) reinforcement schedule, when does reinforcement typically occur?
After a random amount of time has passed.
After a certain number of responses.
After a random number of responses.
After a certain amount of time has passed.
Is money a primary (unconditioned) of secondary (conditioned) reinforcer?
Primary (unconditioned)
Secondary (conditioned)
What is the process of "shaping" in operant conditioning?
The immediate reinforcement of the desired behavior.
The gradual reduction of reinforcement to extinguish a behavior.
The reinforcement of behaviors that are already well-established.
The process of teaching complex behaviors by rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior.
Which of the following is an example of a biological influence on classical conditioning?
Taste aversion
Cognitive dissonance
Social reinforcement
Observational learning
How do cognitive influences play a role in operant conditioning?
By directly affecting physiological responses to stimuli.
By shaping involuntary reflexes in response to stimuli.
By influencing an individual's beliefs, expectations, and understanding of the consequences of their behavior.
By strengthening the association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
When a student appears to have learned material in class but only demonstrates that knowledge when preparing for an exam, what type of learning does this situation exemplify?
Experiential learning
Latent learning
Passive learning
Observational learning
What is the significance of mirror neurons in human behavior and cognition?
They play a crucial role in empathy, imitation, and understanding others' actions.
They are responsible for processing visual information.
They are involved in auditory perception and language processing
They are responsible for long-term memory storage.
In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, children who observed an adult model being aggressive toward the doll were more likely to:
Show no interest in the doll.
Exhibit aggressive behavior toward the doll themselves.
Become afraid of the doll.
Prefer a different toy over the Bobo doll.
What is the Gestalt Psychologists famous phrase?
"The whole in greater than the sum of its parts."
"The whole is the same as the sum of its parts."
"The whole is connected to the sum of its parts."
"The whole is different than the sum of its parts."
