every part of an outlining that has subtopics should have at least two parts or subjections

(a)  

similar ideas should go together

(a)  

Ideas of equal rank and value are coordinate, therefore, they belong to the same level of the outline.

(a)  

Small ideas should fall under the appropriate big Principle of ideas

(a)  

types of outline

(a)  

heading of each level is one Types of sentence.

(a)  

heading of each level is a phrase.

(a)  

outline format

(a)  

outline format

(a)  

avoiding casual or controversial language such as contractions or informal vocabulary. It uses appropriate language and tenses, and is clear, concise and balanced.

(a)  

It is impersonal at the same time objective because it avoids direct reference to people or feelings instead it emphasizes objects, facts and ideas. It well focuses on the idea rather than the people or emotion that is being portrayed.

(a)  

using vocabulary wordings and references used have a clear focus on the issue. It also includes accurate word choice.

(a)  

CHARACTERISTICS OF ACADEMIC TEXTS

(a)  

PURPOSES OF ACADEMIC READING

(a)  

Reading Strategies for Academic Texts

(a)  

read the title, the back of the book, and table of contents

 make connections between the new reading and knowledge you already have

(a)  

 have a pen or pencil in hand

 Circle or highlight key concepts

 Write questions or comments in the margins or in a notebook

 build a personal connection with the subject matter

(a)  

write a short summary—even if your instructor doesn’t require it

(a)  

revisit what you’ve read for a quick refresher

 skim through the material to identify the main points

 reread any notes at the ends of chapters

 review any summaries you’ve written

(a)  

Explains the nature of something; describes the thing being defined and/or cite examples of it Words the signal a definition text are the verb is/are, for example, can be, is defined as, means; words that refer to composition such as contain, makeup, involves; words that suggest likeness such as as, appears to be, refers to, and general words that refer to a class or genus, such as a form of (exercise), a branch of (engineering), a type of (worship), etc.

(a)  

Gives concrete details about appearance, characteristics, and actions. Words that signal description are adjectives to describe size (ex. huge, small, or numbers that specify dimensions), shape (ex. Spherical, octagonal), position (middle, top), texture (ex. rough, smooth, velvety), color (verdant, green, onyx-like); adverbs to qualify an action or thing (ex. Evenly, roughly, consistently); and adjective phrases (ex. A 10 gallon container, a four-day weekend, 2 day-old chicks)

(a)  

A chronological narration of a historical period, a sequential description of a process or procedure. Some signal words are first, second, now, before, after, then, finally, while, meanwhile, during and other expressions of time & duration describing the steps in a process or procedure, dates may also be considered as language cues, too.

(a)  

Presents reasons why a situation is obtained Words that indicate effect or consequence or result such as, so, so that, as a result, consequently, explanation for, thus, and accordingly. Some expressions that indicate cause are due to, as a result of, because of, and a cause of.

(a)  

Starts off with a negative situation (a problem) and ends with a positive situation (a solution) Some key expressions are the problem/ dilemma is, if/then, so that, solves, an answer to, and addresses the problem of.

(a)  

Similarities and differences are presented. Some expressions to points to similarities are similarity, in like manner, and in the same way; for differences on the other hand, on the contrary, the opposite, compared to, in contrast, although, unless & however.

(a)  

Is a listing of characteristics, of examples, etc. Some words that indicate it are to start with, first, second, in addition, next, the, another, finally and also.

(a)  

Presents groupings, types, classes, categories and sub- categories that constitute a concept, presented in hierarchical order. Some language cues are: there are several types/kinds of, a part of, an example of, groups/kinds/types/classes of, another kind of, divided of.

(a)  

Serve the purpose of arguing a point/position or interpretation and may be arrange deductively or inductively Some words that signal this thought pattern are some verbs like assert, claim, prove/show that…,support and allege that; and nouns like evidence, proof and argument.

(a)  

DEFINITION, DECRIPTION, RECOUNT OF A SEQUENCE, CAUSE-EFFECT, PROBLEM-SOLUTION, COMPARISON AND CONTRAST, ENUMERATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND THESIS-EVIDENCE

(a)  

is the main point of an informational text

(a)  

Can be expressed anywhere in a material or paragraph

(a)  

Position of Main Idea in a Text

(a)  

main idea is stated at the beginning and the sentences that follow to supports or develop the main idea

(a)  

main idea is expressed at the end, then earlier statements are details/specifics that build up on the main point or general statement

(a)  

Types of Main Idea

(a)  

not stated in the text; you determine it by knowing the topic of and expressing what is being said about the key word or topic

(a)  

main idea or thesis is clearly stated in the text

(a)  

does not only apply to informational texts but also to audio-visual materials such as films and

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(a)  

Clearly, an ----- of the ------- of a paragraph will go a long way in determining a text’s main idea or thesis.

(a)  

The topic is different from a main idea or thesis. The main idea or thesis of a paragraph is its ----

(a)  

The main idea is usually a ------- which is elucidated in the material through rhetorical devices such as ----- and -----

(a)  

shows the framework of a text through division and sub division of ideas

(a)  

is a restatement (rephrasing the original using your own words) and restructuring for the purpose of clarifying the meaning of a text.

(a)  

It is a short or abbreviated version of a longer text expressing only the text’s essential points; presenting only the central idea and main supporting details

(a)