The processes associated with the eruption and movement of molten rock (magma), ash, and gases from beneath the Earth's surface.

Actions where tiny pieces of rocks, sand, and dirt pile up and eventually turn into solid rock layers over a very long time. These layers can hold important things like coal, oil, and fossils.

The process of wearing away and transporting soil, rocks, or other materials from one place to another through natural forces like water, wind, or ice. It happens when these forces move and carry away particles, gradually shaping the landscape.

A giant, slow-moving river of ice that forms from packed snow. It's found in very cold places and high mountains. They can change the land by scraping and carving valleys as they move.

An underground reservoir made of specific rock and soil layers that can hold and provide freshwater. Their distribution is uneven because they depend on the types of rocks and soils found beneath the Earth's surface. In some areas, these underground layers are better at storing water, making it easier to access groundwater.

A natural phenomenon that occurs when there is a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust, leading to the rapid shaking or trembling of the ground. This energy release is often caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth's surface. 

The movement of rocks along a line, which is a fracture or zone of weakness in the Earth's crust. When rocks on side move relative to each other, it can result in the creation of mountains or valleys. This movement is typically horizontal and can be caused by tectonic forces, such as the collision of tectonic plates.

The bending or curving of rock layers under pressure. It occurs when compressional forces in the Earth's crust cause rocks to bend . These bends can lead to the formation of mountain ranges and other geological features.