Which of the following are complications of longstanding hyperglycemia? Select all that apply

John is a 21-year-old male who was brought to the endocrinology clinic with a complaint of excessive growth since childhood. He measures 7 feet 2 inches in height and weighs 300 pounds. His medical history is unremarkable except for his remarkable growth. John's family has an average stature. What is the underlying mechanism of this patient's condition?

Robert is a 45-year-old male who presented to the endocrinology clinic with a history of gradually worsening symptoms over the last five years. He reported: Coarsening of facial features, Enlargement of hands and feet, Progressive fatigue, Headaches, Visual disturbances. Robert's family history is unremarkable for endocrine disorders, and he had no significant medical history except for these complaints. Physical Examination: Coarse facial features; Prognathism (protruding jaw); Enlarged hands and feet; Joint pain and limited mobility; Increased sweating; Mild hypertension. Laboratory Tests: Elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1); High levels of growth hormone (GH) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); Other hormonal tests within normal limits. What would be one potential finding on this patient's metabolic panel?

During a fed state, what glucose-regulating compound(s) will be released from the pancreas? Select all that apply:

Which two metabolic processes are crucial for a fasting state?

Emily is a 12-year-old female who was brought to the pediatric endocrinology clinic with a two-week history of the following symptoms: Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), Weight loss, Fatigue, and Blurred vision. This patient will likely be on the thinner side due to what?

A patient with type 1 diabetes will have increased glucagon release because:

John is a 55-year-old male who was referred to the endocrinology clinic with a six-month history of the following symptoms: Polyuria (frequent urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), and Fatigue. He is overweight with a body mass index (BMI) of 31. Laboratory Tests: Fasting blood glucose levels consistently above 126 mg/dL; HbA1c level above 6.5%; Elevated levels of fasting plasma insulin; Elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol. John is started on a prescription of metformin and is instructed to adjust his lifestyle. If his glycemic index is poorly controlled, overtime he will likely require insulin therapy due to:

What are some complications of type 2 DM? Select all that apply:

Infected diabetic foot ulcers are a consequence of the following (select all that apply)

Hemoglobin A1c can help to track a patient's glycemic control for how long?