philosophers uses his natural capacity

to think or simply, human reason alone or the so-called unaided reason

sets the distinction between philosophy from

other sciences. A philosopher studies human beings, society, religion,

language, God and plants. The reason is that philosophy is not one

dimensional or partial. In short, he questions almost anything, if not

everything. It is multidimensional or holistic.

everything is its own being, and

not being is not being.

it is impossible for a thing to be and not be at the same time and at the same respect.

a thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between

being and not-being, there is no middle ground possible.

nothing exist without a

sufficient reasons for its being and existence.

means “after physics”. The only extension of fundamental and necessary drive in every

human being to know what is real. To understand the world in terms of appearance and reality, we

try to make things comprehensible by simplifying or reducing

the mass of things we call appearance to a relatively fewer

number of things we call reality.

derived from the Greek term epistēmē, meaning “knowledge”. It deals with nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge. How we know what we claim to know; How can we find out what we wish to know; and How we can differentiate truth from falsehood.

logic comes from the Greek word logike and was coined by Zeno, the Stoic. Etymologically, it means a treatise on matters pertaining to the human thought. Reasoning is the concern of logician

derived from the Greek term aisthetikos, meaning “sensitive”. It is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic and ugly. it vitalizes our knowledge (makes our knowledge of the world alive and useful), it helps us to live more deeply and richly (it is not something merely like craft of applied arts but something of weight and significance to humankind) and it bring us in touch with our culture (the answer of great minds in the past to these problems are part of our culture)

The first Greek philosopher, often regarded as the Father of Philosophy, was a thinker who sought to understand the natural world and various phenomena without relying on supernatural explanations and divine components.

Wondered about the beginning of the universe and where it came from. Claimed that the universe was formed from boundless.

Argued that air was the fundamental element through process of refraction or compression

Claimed the Unity of Opposite.

"No man cannot step on the same river twice."

Claimed that there is a single God. He did not agree with the idea of anthropomorphic God.

Cosmos is a structured system ordered by numbers. Nature can be quantified.

He made contributions to the field of ethics, particularly in formulating the Socratic Method, also known as Elenchus. This method involves examining a topic by devising a series of questions that lead the learner to examine and analyze their knowledge and views about the topic.

A student of Socrates, his lasting contribution to learning was his founding of the Academy, an institution of higher learning that was the first of its kind in the West. He believed that knowledge through concepts is the only true knowledge, emphasizing that concepts or ideas are the only true reality. One of his famous works is "The Republic," in which he explores these philosophical ideas and discusses how the senses are often deceitful.

A student of Plato, this philosopher was involved in a variety of disciplines, including zoology, psychology, ethics, and politics. His studies in logic led to the formulation of a process of analysis that gave rise to deductive reasoning. He believed that perceptual and cognitive faculties are dependable and that human beings philosophize because they wonder about the world.

Philosophical Reflection is a tool in doing philosophy which the act of giving time to think about

meaning and purpose of life.

one's perception is limited by other factors or based

on a single factor. (ex: My brother told me that his girlfriend is kind and

beautiful yet it is different from my opinion so I told him that his just in

love.)

view-having a view where we understand both the whole

and the parts of something, and, we understand how the parts, when brought

together, make up the whole. (ex: As a teacher it is important to know the

personal background of my whole class rather than some of the class.)

A provable statement is something that is known to have happened or to exist. Something for which proof exists.

Expresses

personal belief,

ideas or feelings

that is not

provable.

Truth is _______ to a fact.

Truth consist in a relation to reality.

The truth of a belief on the degree to which it

coheres or “hang together” with all other beliefs. This is when one JUSTIFIES another

The truth of the statement can be define in terms of utility of accepting it. this is when someone or a belief helps them throughout their everyday life or benefits them.

Analysis based from facts, measurable and observable. One does not influenced by emotion, opinion or personal feelings. Based on facts, in things quantifiable and measurable.

Based on personal opinions, interpretations, points of view, emotion, and judgment, one remains open to greater interpretation based on personal feelings, emotion, and aesthetics.

Defect in an argument other than it’s having false premises. Required to examine the argument’s content.

A specific kind of appeal to emotion is when someone attempts to gain support for an argument or idea by exploiting their opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.

The principle that whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa.

A logical chain of reasoning involves repeating a term or a word several times while assigning a different meaning to the particular word each time.

infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true some part of the whole.

One reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts.

Linking the validity of a premise to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise.

An argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force is provided as a justification for a conclusion.

An argument that appeals to or exploits people's vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on popularity.

One commits errors if one reaches an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence.

Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one.

A type of fallacy in which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise is known as "___________" or "circular reasoning."

- The body and spirit are distinguishing his/her limitations and the possibilities of his/ her transcendence.

- _________ enables us to do and experience all the things that make us human persons The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit Human existence is embodied existence.

refers to the things in our life that are already given. refers to all details that surround us in the present: our environment, our language, our past decisions, our past and present relationships and even our future deaths.

- our most obvious limitation is our finitude–our finite quality or state.- as spatial beings, we are limited by our bodies to be present in two or more places at the same time. - We are limited by space and time.

- This sets our preconditions of understanding

Our body serves as an intermediary between us and the physical world. Our body limits our experience of the world to our world. This imposes limitations concerning communication and expression.

is the ability to change, be dynamic, and continually redefining one’s self which

works with our facticity to create change.

one of the oldest Eastern traditions, which has been practiced by hundreds of millions of people for about 5000 years. This Religion believes in a formless, changeless, infinite, eternal, and genderless concept of Brahman, beyond space and time, and at its core, it emphasizes the human quest for absolute truth. The soul is seen as eternal but bound by the law of Karma and subject to reincarnation until spiritual progress is achieved.

In this Religion, humanity is expected to do good and refrain from evil. Innocence of heart and purity are believed to be attainable only through the grace of God. To maintain and live daily with purity of heart, mind, and body, individuals are encouraged to engage in practices like prayer, modesty, fasting, and other measures that the Church recommends, or that God provides as a means of achieving this spiritual purity.

an Eastern tradition rooted in the teachings of its founder, Siddharta Gautama, also known as the Buddha. Gautama's journey began with a quest to find answers to the riddles of life's sufferings, disease, old age, and death. While meditating under a tree, he attained Enlightenment, realizing that the solution lay within his own mind. His life was then dedicated to sharing his Dharma, the Law of Salvation. The teachings of this religion are traditionally encapsulated in the Four Noble Truths, which lead to the Eightfold Path. Following this path provides assurance of entering Nirvana, a state of liberation, at death.

_________ is a human-centered point of view. In this worldview, humans are regarded as the sole or primary bearers of moral standing, and nature is predominantly seen in terms of its value to humanity. _______ underscores the belief that humans are the most significant and valuable entities in the Universe.

________ is a progressive philosophy of life that affirms the ability and responsibility of individuals to lead ethical lives and seek personal fulfillment without relying on theism or supernatural beliefs. Organizations like the American Humanist Association and publications like The Humanist Magazine promote this worldview.

- A philosophical position regarding the difference or similarities in the reaction to pain in humans and animals.

All living organisms, not just humans, are deserving of equal and moral and ethical consideration.

The belief that the rights and needs of humans are not more important than those of other living things.

places ecology at the core of the Earth's significance and promotes a value system based on nature. It recognizes the unique abilities of humans to care for other species on Earth while emphasizing the intrinsic value of all entities within the natural world

 ____ comes from the Greek word "holos" meaning "all" or "total."

- The idea that all the properties of a given system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone, but the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave.

The controlling attitude of humankind

is extended to nature, when in fact,

humanity is part of nature.

- Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest.

- This theory argues that ecological crisis is a consequence of male dominance.

- In this view, whatever is “superior” is entitled to whatever is “inferior”.

6. Freedom that is not arbitrariness but the possibility to be oneself, not as a bundle of greedy

desires, but as a delicately balanced structure.

7. Happiness in the process of ever-growing aliveness.

8. Joy that comes from giving and sharing, not from hoarding and exploiting.

9. Developing one’s capacity for love, together with one’s capacity for critical, unsentimental thought.

10. Shedding one’s narcissism and accepting that tragic limitations inherent in human existence.

BONUS ANSWER AND KNOWLEDGE: ERICH FROMM