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APES Soil and Biogeochemical Cycles Review

Total questions: 77

Worksheet time: 3hrs 32mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Which pair of biogeochemical cycles are most associated with inorganic fertilizer and sewage waste?

a)

Carbon and Nitrogen cycles

b)

Carbon and Sulfur cycles

c)

Phosphorus and Nitrogen cycles

d)

Sulfur and Nitrogen cycles

e)

Sulfur and Water cycles

2.

Which biogeochemical cycles are directly related to acid deposition?

a)

Carbon and Nitrogen cycles

b)

Carbon and Sulfur cycles

c)

Phosphorus and Nitrogen cycles

d)

Carbon, Sulfur and Nitrogen cycles

e)

Sulfur and Water cycles

3.

Most energy on Earth comes from

a)

volcanoes

b)

the sun

c)

trees

d)

water

e)

fire

4.

Humans have a considerable effect on the hydrologic cycle. Which of the following human activities have(has a) direct effect(s) on the cycle?

I. Deforestation

II. Urbanization

III. Mining of fossil fuels

a)

I

b)

II

c)

III

d)

I and III

e)

I, II, and III

5.

An addition of a limiting nutrient to an ecosystem may lead to an algal bloom. What effect will this algal bloom have on the oxygen content of the water?

a)

The algae bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to increase overall

b)

The algae bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions

c)

The algae bloom will have no impact on the oxygen content of the water

d)

The algae bloom will cause rapid fluctuations of oxygen in the water

6.

Which is NOT a process of the water cycle?

a)
precipitation
b)
freezing
c)
transpiration
d)
evaporation
7.
The process of plants losing water through their leaves is called ____.
a)
condensation
b)
evaporation
c)
transpiration
d)
exhaling
8.

Why do living things need nitrogen?

a)

To get energy

b)

To make nucleic acids

c)

To make proteins

d)

To make proteins AND nucleic acids

9.
What is the only process that removes carbon from the atmosphere?
a)
combustion
b)
cellular respiration
c)
photosynthesis
d)
decomposition
10.
Where is carbon stored in the environment?
a)
Fossil fuels
b)
Wood of trees
c)
Calcium carbonate (shells and bones)
d)
All of the above
11.
What converts nitrogen into a useable form for plants and animals?
a)
bacteria
b)
fungi
c)
rain
12.
Which nutrient is not cycled through the atmosphere?
a)
carbon
b)
nitrogen
c)
phosphorous
d)
water
13.

What cycle are fossil fuels part of ?

a)

carbon

b)

oxygen

c)

nitrogen

d)

phosphorus

14.

What is the largest reservoir for water?

a)

the ocean

b)

rocks and minerals

c)

the atmosphere

d)

glaciers

15.

Where is the largest reservoir for the phosphorus cycle?

a)

rocks and minerals

b)

the ocean

c)

the atmopshere

d)

fossil fuels

16.

What is the largest reservoir for nitrogen?

a)

the ocean

b)

rocks and minerals

c)

the atmosphere

d)

bacteria

17.

Photosynthesis is an important part of the ______ cycle

a)

Carbon

b)

Water

c)

Phosphorus

d)

Nitrogen

18.

Decomposition is part of all cycles except _______

a)

the carbon cycle

b)

the nitrogen cycle

c)

the water cycle

d)

the phosphorus cycle

19.
This process is responsible for most environmental problems of excess nitrogen and phosphorus entering streams, lakes and oceans.
a)
decomposition
b)
emissions from automobiles
c)
agriculture and house hold runoff
d)
photosynthesis
20.
How do animals get nitrogen?
a)
the atmosphere 
b)
eating other organisms
c)
rainwater
d)
lightning 
21.
What is this a picture of?
a)
Nitrogen cycle
b)
carbon cycle
c)
water cycle
d)
plant cycle
22.
Identify the cycle pictured.
a)
The Water cycle
b)
The Carbon cycle
c)
The Nitrogen cycle
d)
This is not a correct diagram of any cycle.
23.
Respiration is the process by which ____________ is consumed and _______________ is produced.
a)
Carbon, Oxygen
b)
Oxygen, Carbon dioxide
c)
H20, oxygen
d)
Carbon, H2O
24.

3. The sun provides the energy for almost all life on Earth. Approximately how much of the sun's energy captured by producers would move up to the next trophic level?

a)

A. 90%

b)

B. 75%

c)

C. 10%

d)

D. 1%

25.

4. As energy moves within an ecosystem, how is the majority of it lost?

a)

A. Cellular respiration

b)

B. Light

c)

C. Metabolism

d)

D. Heat loss

26.

6. A marine biologist is studying a kelp ecosystem. She notices that Sea Urchins eat the kelp and that Sea otters eat the urchins and protect the kelp forest. In this scenario, the Sea Urchin can be classified as a

a)

A. Primary Consumer

b)

B. Secondary Consumer

c)

C. Decomposer

d)

D. Autotroph

27.

7. The most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere is

a)

A. Water

b)

B. Nitrogen

c)

C. Carbon

d)

D. Oxygen

28.

9. Humans have altered the phosphorus cycle by

a)

A. Clear-cutting forests.

b)

B. Burning fossil fuels

c)

C. Damming rivers for hydroelectric power.

d)

D. Using fertilizers.

29.

Which two processes release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?

a)

photosynthesis and cellular respiration

b)

cellular respiration and burning fossil fuels

c)

burning fossil fuels and decompositon

d)

photosynthesis and decomposition

30.

Most of the water on earth is found where?

a)

ice caps

b)

oceans

c)

streams

d)

aquifers

31.

When deforestation (cutting down trees) occurs in an area, what immediate effect does this have on the water cycle?

a)

More water is returned to the atmosphere by transpiration.

b)

There is less runoff water, but more transpiration.

c)

More photosynthesis occurs, and CO2 begins decreasing.

d)

Less is returned to the air by transpiration.

32.
Soil is made of
a)
weathered rocks and minerals
b)
dead plants and animals
c)
air and water
d)
all of the above
33.

Soil formation begins with the weathering of_______.

a)

Humas

b)

Subsoil

c)

Litter

d)

Bedock

34.
The layer of soil which the topsoil is found.
a)
Horizon A
b)
Horizon B
c)
Horizon C
d)
Horizon D or R
35.

Which soil horizon is contains decomposed plants and animals?

a)

A Horizon

b)

B Horizon

c)

C Horizon

d)

O Horizon

36.
The two main factors that determine the rate of weathering are the TYPE of rock and_____.
a)
Music
b)
Climate
c)
Size of rock
d)
Weight of rock
37.

Soil sample that is 10% clay, 20% silt, and 70% sand has which texture?

a)

clay

b)

clay loam

c)

sandy loam

d)

silt

38.

Soil sample that is 60% clay, 30% silt, and 10% sand has which texture?

a)

clay

b)

clay loam

c)

sandy loam

d)

silt

39.

Soil is formed by the breaking down of rocks by the action of wind, water and climate. This process is called

a)

Humification

b)

Weathering

c)

Soil erosion

d)

None of the above

40.
Which of the following is the correct order of soil particles in order of increasing particle size?
a)
clay-sand-silt
b)
sand-clay-silt
c)
silt-clay-sand
d)
clay-silt-sand
41.

Soils that have a pH of 3.7 are considered

a)

Alkaline

b)

Acidic

c)

Basic

d)

Neutral

42.

Which of the following elements is least available at a pH of 7?

a)

Nitrates

b)

Iron

c)

Phosphates

d)

Magnesium

43.

The best soils are a mixture of sand, silt and clay called?

a)

Loam

b)

Humus

c)

Sandy Clay

d)

Silty Sand

44.
What physical property of soil determines if it retains water?
a)
color
b)
particle size
c)
texture
d)
weight
45.
If soil particles are large, then 
a)
more water is retained
b)
less water is retained
46.

Which soil has the least permeability or slowest flow?

a)

sand

b)

silt

c)

clay

d)

humus

47.

Which soil has the greatest permeability or quickest flow?

a)

sand

b)

silt

c)

clay

d)

humus

48.

Why is soil important?

a)

Provides nutrients for plant growth

b)

food security

c)

filters waste

d)

all of the above

49.

What are properties of the soil determined by

a)

time

b)

parent material

c)

climate

d)

topography

e)

ALL of these determine the properties of the soil

50.
What was one of the major causes of the Dust Bowl?
a)
Cold and windy weather
b)
Increasing prices and demand for crops
c)
Removal of grasses and overfarming
d)
Sandy soil composition that would not stay in place
51.
The two main agents of erosion are...
a)
wind and flowing water
b)
gravity and frost wedging
c)
oxygen and water
d)
carbon dioxiede and wind
52.
Which of the following can result from soils that are too acidic?
a)
they create acid-mine drainage
b)
they can leach soluble heavy metals
c)
they can adversely affect aquatic life
d)
they can cause neurological damage in unborn children
53.
Which of the following best describes industrialized agriculture?
a)
Consumes large amounts of fossil fuels, pesticides, and water
b)
Uses human labor and draft animals to grow crops
c)
Rows of crop plants are interspersed with rows of trees
d)
Uses little water or fossil fuels; relies on human labor
54.
Soil rich in organic matter
a)
clay
b)
humus
c)
loam
d)
sand
55.
Soil with the highest water-holding capacity.
a)
clay
b)
humus
c)
loam
d)
sand
56.

Which of these would have the greater amount of humus?

a)

topsoil

b)

subsoil

c)

bedrock

d)

E horizon

57.

What form of nitrogen is found in the atmosphere and then captured by nitrogen fixing bacteria?

a)

N2

b)

NH4

c)

NO2

d)

NO3

58.
The two main agents of erosion are...
a)
wind and flowing water
b)
gravity and frost wedging
c)
oxygen and water
d)
carbon dioxiede and wind
59.
Which is the correct order of soil horizons starting at the surface?
a)
A, B, E,C, O
b)
O, A, B, C, E
c)
O, E, A, B, C
d)
O, A, E, B, C
60.
The deep, underlying non-soil materials
a)
B horizon
b)
E horizon
c)
O horizon
d)
Bedrock
61.
The layer where minerals that were leached out of layers above accumulate
a)
A horizon
b)
B horizon
c)
E horizon
d)
O horizon
62.
A mixture of soil, loam, and detritus; the topsoil
a)
A horizon
b)
B horizon
c)
E horizon
d)
O horizon
63.

The layer(s) of soil in which most of the humus and soil organisms are contained:

1- leaf litter, horizon O

2- topsoil, horizon A

3- subsoil, horizons B and C

a)

1 only

b)

2 only

c)

1 and 2 only

d)

2 and 3 only

e)

1, 2, and 3

64.
Water gets into the cracks of rock and freezes, causing the rock to break.  What is this an example of?
a)
erosion
b)
weathering
65.
You dig a small hole in the soil and the next day it rains. The hole fills with water, but does not empty even after several days of dry weather. What is the soil mostly made of?
a)
clay
b)
sand
c)
humus
d)
silt
66.
Which horizon is made up of partially weathered rocks?
a)
Horizon A
b)
Horizon B
c)
Horizon C
d)
Horizon D or R
67.
All of the following statements about the degradation of soil by climate change are true EXCEPT
a)
Increased flooding in coastal areas leads to soil desalinization.
b)
Increased global temperature produces more deserts.
c)
Decreased precipitation produces more deserts.
d)
Increased evaporation of water leads to soil salinization
68.

If the amount of oxygen in water decreases...

a)

Respiration rate increases

b)

Respiration rate decreases

c)

No effect on respiration

d)

More photosynthesis occurs

69.

When talking about fertilizers in Eutrophication, fertilizers contain...

(pick TWO answers)

a)

Carbohydrates

b)

Sulfates

c)

Phosphates

d)

Nitrates

70.

What are the dangers of excessive growth of algae and plants

a)

They might take up too much room

b)

They block sunlight for other organisms

c)

They do not harm other organisms

d)

Other organisms eat them and they are toxic

71.

Place the followng in the correct order:

1. Large amounts of Bacteria Respire

2. Other organisms have to move habitat

3. Bacteria begin to reproduce rapidly

4. Less oxygen is available for other organisms

a)

1,2,3,4

b)

4,3,2,1

c)

1,4,2,3

d)

3,1,4,2

72.

How do agricultural activities contribute to eutrophication?

a)

Burning of fossil fuels

b)

Reducing water pollution

c)

Planting more trees

d)

Excess release of nutrients into water bodies

73.

What are the effects of eutrophication on aquatic life?

a)

Algal blooms, decreased oxygen levels, and harm to aquatic life

b)

Increased oxygen levels, and benefit to aquatic life

c)

No impact on aquatic life

d)

Decreased algal growth, and improved water quality

74.

What are some methods to prevent eutrophication?

a)

Increasing the use of fertilizers

b)

Dumping sewage and wastewater into water bodies

c)

Destroying wetlands

d)

Reducing the use of fertilizers, managing sewage and wastewater, protecting wetlands, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices

75.

What is nutrient pollution in water bodies?

a)

Low water levels in water bodies

b)

Toxic chemicals in water bodies

c)

Excessive nutrients entering the water system

d)

Lack of nutrients in water bodies

76.

How does nutrient pollution contribute to eutrophication?

a)

Rise in oxygen levels

b)

Increase in biodiversity

c)

Decrease in algae growth

d)

Excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants, leading to oxygen depletion

77.

What are algal blooms and how are they related to eutrophication?

a)

Algal blooms are rapid increases in the population of algae in an aquatic system, and they are related to eutrophication because eutrophication provides excess nutrients that promote algal growth.

b)

Algal blooms are a natural occurrence in aquatic systems, and they are related to eutrophication due to the presence of predators

c)

Algal blooms are a result of excessive fishing in the area, and they are related to eutrophication because of overfishing

d)

Algal blooms are caused by a lack of nutrients in the water, and they are not related to eutrophication

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