2. India is so huge that it is called a ____________, which is a large landmass that is smaller than a continent.

3. In summertime, India’s hot and humid climate is heavily influenced by _______________, which blow in from the ocean, bringing heavy rains that can cause terrible floods.

4. The _____________ civilization was India’s first civilization.

5. The Harappan civilization developed along the __________ river.

6. The Harappans made elaborate ________, stamped images with figures of humans and animals, which have been found in Mesopotamian cities, proving that the people traded goods with other civilizations

7. Little is known about the Harappan civilizations because scholars have not yet learned to __________________________.

8. A new civilization developed by the Aryans in India during the ________ period.

9. The Aryans spoke ___________ and developed a rich tradition of poems and hymns, but did not have a writing system.

10. The Aryans practiced a religion known as ______________, based on the Vedas.

11. Under the Aryans, Indian society was divided into 4 main groups called ___________.

12. The varnas were divided into a system of smaller groups called _________, which were based on a person’s birth, wealth, or occupation.

13. _______________ developed out of Brahmanism and influences from other cultures, and became the most widespread religion in India today.

14. Hindus believe that a person’s ultimate goal should be to reunite their soul (atman) with Brahman, but this can take many lifetimes to accomplish, so _______________ is necessary.

15. The form a person takes when he or she is reborn depends upon his or her __________, which is the effect that good or bad actions have on a person’s soul.

16. A few groups reacted to ____________ by breaking away to form their own religions.

17. ____________ is a nonviolent religion based upon the teachings of Mahavira, who taught 4 basic principles: injure no life, tell the truth, do not steal, and own no property.

18. The religion ______________ was founded centuries later (in the 1400s) & was based on the teachings of Guru Nanak, who believed in one God & in the equality of all people, regardless of their social class or wealth.

19. The Indian prince, _________________________ searched for wisdom in many ways such as fasting & meditating.

20. After meditation for 7 weeks, Gautama came up with an answer to what causes human suffering & began to teach his ideas, which became known as ______________.

21. Prince Gautama became known as the ___________, which means “Enlightened One.”

22. Buddha taught that relieving human suffering was based on the _________________.

23. Buddha taught that one of the Four Noble Truths was that anyone can overcome their desires and achieve ___________, a state of perfect peace, which ends the cycle of reincarnation.

24. The Mauryan Empire was founded by _______________, who ruled with a complex government that included a network of spies and a huge army.

25. ____________ was the strongest ruler of the Mauryan dynasty. Later, he converted to Buddhism and worked toward improving the lives of his people.

26. Under Emperor _____________, Indian civilization reached a high point & the economy strengthened and prospered.

27. When the __________ from Central Asia invaded India, it led to the end of the Gupta Dynasty.

28. Identifying seven of the planets in our solar system is one accomplishment early Indians made in the field of __________, which is the study of stars and planets.

29. Indian doctors knew how to protect people against disease through ______________, a method of injecting a person with a small dose of a virus to help him/her build up defenses to a disease.

30. Ancient Indians were masters of metallurgy and knew processes for mixing metals to create an ___________ , which is a mixture of two or more metals

31. The numbers that we use today are called __________________ because they were created by Indian scholars and brought to Europe by the Arab