Climate models predict that, by the end of this century, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases will result in an additional global warming that could be as much as several degrees Celsius.

Where the air is humid, haze and cloudiness lower the maximum temperature by preventing some of the sun’s rays from reaching the ground.

Suppose the dew point of outside air is the same as the dew point of the air indoors. If the door is opened and hot air rushes in and replaces some of the cool air, then the new relative humidity indoors would be _______________.

The main process responsible for warming in the lower atmosphere is ________.

The wind-chill factor, which is how cold the wind makes us feel, __________________________________ .

On an average, ________ percent of solar energy striking the outer atmosphere eventually reaches the Earth's surface.

At any given time, _______ of Earth is illuminated by the Sun.

Advection Fog is rare over tropical waters.

Radiation fog typically forms on ________.

Which process, over millions of years, provided a rich supply of water vapor into the atmosphere that formed into clouds?

On a cold, winter morning, the most likely place for radiation fog to form is _________.

The ability or capacity to do work on some form of matter is called ________.

When viewed from the surface, these clouds may be viewed as individual cloud elements (puffs) or as parallel rows of ripples that resemble the scales of a fish or a large school of fish.

Earth emits radiation with greatest intensity at __________ wavelengths.

In a hilly region, the best place to plant crops that thrive in nighttime low temperatures is __________ .

Carbon dioxide and water vapor are called "selective absorbing" greenhouse gases.

Our seasons are caused by _________ .

Across Earth as a whole, at which location would one expect to observe the smallest variation in temperature from day to day and from month to month due to the contributing factors of latitude, elevation, relative humidity, and length of days and nights?

Rising air bubbles called "thermals" are caused by _______ .

Of the four most abundant gases in our atmosphere, carbon dioxide shows the greatest variation at Earth's surface.

Which region of the United States is particularly prone to advection fog?

In the Northern Hemisphere, which day has the most hours of daylight?

The ratio of the actual water vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure is the __________.

Under saturated conditions, for every molecule that evaporates, one must condense, resulting in no net loss of liquid or vapor molecules.

Often before sunrise on a clear, calm winter morning, the temperature falls dramatically in the absence of wind and humidity. Ice (frost) can be seen on the tops of parked cars, even though the air temperature is above freezing because the tops of cars are cooled to below freezing due to the loss of heat caused by __________.

Suppose yesterday morning you noticed ice crystals (frost) on the grass, yet the minimum temperature reported in the newspaper was only 35 degrees Fahrenheit (35^O F). The most likely reason for this apparent discrepancy is that the _______________ .

It is snowing outside and the air is saturated. The air temperature and dew point are both 15 degrees Fahrenheit (15^O F) and the actual vapor pressure is 3 mb. If this air is brought indoors and warmed to 75 degrees Fahrenheit (75^O F), what would the relative humidity of this air be, assuming that its moisture content (i.e., number of water vapor molecules) does not change? (NOTE: The saturation vapor pressure at 75 degrees Fahrenheit is 30 mb.)

On a clear, calm night, particularly in high-elevation desert locations such as Winnemucca, Nevada, where the summer air is dry and thin, the ground and air above cool very dramatically mainly by which process?

The cooling of the ground to produce dew is mainly the result of __________.

Which atmospheric parameter will increase in a rising parcel of air that stays intact and does not mix with the air around it?

In a temperature inversion, the air temperature ________.

The transfer of heat energy by atmospheric and oceanic circulations prevents low latitudes from  _________ and high latitudes from  _________. (select the most complete answer)

Air must be cooled to the _____________ temperature in order for it to become saturated.

In a building, frost typically forms on the inside of a window pane, rather than on the outside of the glass, because _________.

During a 24-hour day, at what time would a surface-based, radiation temperature inversion most likely form?

Although the polar regions radiate away more heat energy than they receive from insolation during the course of a year, they are prevented from becoming progressively colder each year by the _________________ .

The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's current atmosphere is _____________.  

Our understanding of the atmosphere and how it produces weather is built on the knowledge acquired and applied through the scientific method.

Dew is most likely to form during __________ nights.

On a cold morning, it is possible to see your breath even if the air temperature is above freezing.

Wind direction is _________ .

The ice-to-vapor phase transition is known as ________.

A geostationary satellite takes pictures of _________ .

As air temperature increases, with no addition of water vapor to the air, the relative humidity will increase.

The rate at which temperature decreases with increasing altitude is known as __________.

Condensation is most likely to occur when air temperature _______ and the speed of the water vapor molecules _______ .  (choose the most complete answer)

Earth's radiative equilibrium temperature is the _________ .

The relationship between the mass of water vapor in an air parcel and the mass of all air in the same parcel (including water vapor) is called __________ .

Considering each hemisphere as a whole, seasonal temperature variation in the Southern Hemisphere is greater than in the Northern Hemisphere due to there there being more ocean water in the Southern Hemisphere.

Sunlight that bounces off a surface is said to be _______ from the surface.

The __________ jetstream is known to show seasonal variations. In winter, the winds are stronger, and the jet moves farther south as the leading edge of the cold air can extend into subtropical regions, as far south as Florida and Mexico. In summer, this band of winds is weaker and is usually found over more northerly latitudes.

Which of the following might be mistaken for hail because of its appearance and its origin?

Most of the United States is located within the prevailing Polar Easterlies wind belt.

Most thunderstorms do not extend very far into the stratosphere because the air in the portion of Earth's atmosphere ___________.

As an air parcel aloft moves poleward from the equator, it moves closer to Earth's axis of rotation. Due to the physical parameter known as the Conservation of Angular Momentum, the air parcel's speed should ________.

When wind encounters a solid barrier such as a mountain, hill, or dune, a whirl of air, called an eddy, forms on the object's leeward side.

The magnitude of the Coriolis force varies with wind speed and _________.

Which statement best describes the polar jetstream?

Surface winds blow across isobars at an angle and the pressure gradient force is balanced by the ____ force and the Coriolis force.

A fact that surprises many people is that small raindrops fall ___________ large raindrops, and have ________ terminal velocity
than/as large raindrops.

A __________ is generally associated with trough on an upper-level 500-mb isobaric chart.

There are many types of clouds, but not all produce precipitation. Which cloud type will only produce precipitation by the collision-coalescence process?

Surface winds are generally strongest and most gusty ____________.

If rising air cools to the dewpoint temperature, then the relative humidity becomes percent.

All other physical parameters being equal, the greater pressure gradient, the weaker the wind speed.

According to the pattern of the three-cell general circulation model, areas of surface low pressure should be found at ____________. (choose the most correct answer)

The majority of the world's deserts (e.g., Sahara) are found at 30 degrees latitude because ___________.

In a conditionally unstable atmosphere, the actual environmental temperature lapse rate will be greater than the moist or saturation adiabatic rate and _________ the dry or unsaturated adiabatic rate.

The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), often referred to as the Doldrums or the Calms, is a region where ___________.

The speed of falling cloud droplet increases until the air resistance ________ .

The growth of a precipitation particle by the collision of an ice crystal (or snowflake) with a supercooled liquid droplet is called ____.

The pressure gradient force has a direct effect on horizontal wind movements.

A net convergence of air (i.e., increase of air molecules in a column) would cause the surface pressure to increase and a net divergence (i.e., decrease of air molecules) would cause the surface pressure to decrease.

The main difference between a cloud drop and a raindrop is its ____________.

A sea or land breeze is caused by __________.

Chinook winds are typically found in the interior west of North America where the Canadian prairies and the Great Plains parallel mountain ranges. These winds can be described as ______________.  (choose the most correct answer)

An offshore wind blows _________.

A rising parcel of air expands and cools, whereas a sinking parcel compresses and warms.

The wind speeds generally increase with height above Earth's surface because ___________.

The temperature of rising air at a given level inside a cumulus cloud is normally warmer than the air around the cloud.

Pilots must be aware that turbulent eddies can occur in conjunction with mountain waves, which may extend upwards into the stratosphere. When these huge eddies develop with no clouds present, this form of turbulence is referred to as ______________ turbulence.

A "geostrophic wind" is a wind that results from a balance between the _______ force and the _______ force.

The polar front is a boundary separating cold, polar air to the north from warm subtropical air to the south, with the greatest contrast in air temperature occurring along the frontal zone.

In the middle latitudes, when an area of high pressure approaches a city or other lcoation, surface pressure usually _______. When it moves away, pressure usually ______.

Inversions that form as air slowly sinks over a large area are called _______ inversions.

A temperature inversion represents an extremely stable atmosphere because air that rises into the inversion will eventually
become ______ and more dense than/as the surrounding air.

When a seabreeze moving westward meets a seabreeze moving eastward, they form a ___________.

The mature and most intense stage of an extratropical, winter-type cyclone is best depicted in Panel ________ below.

The north-south temperature contrast along the polar front is strongest in _______ and weakest in ________.

Clouds are complex and can have different temperature zones. The region of a cloud where only ice particles exist is called _______.

Correctly label the appropriate air masses for a warm-type frontal occlusion depicted below. (choose the most complete answer)

Correctly label the appropriate frontal systems depicted on the surface map below. (choose the most complete answer)

The elevation or altitude where clouds form is called the _______ level.

Based on the 500-mb flow pattern depicted in the upper-level chart (below), an intensifying surface low pressure system would likely be positioned at location _______ .

Correctly label the appropriate air masses for a cold-type frontal occlusion depicted below. (choose the most complete answer)

The subtropical jetstream, located near the 200-mb level (approx. 39,000 ft ASL), has little to no effect on the development of polar-front or extratropical lows pressure systems.

The pressure gradient force is directed from higher pressure towards lower pressure ____.

A pilot enters the weather service office (one of 122 offices that the National Weather Service operates) and wants to know what time of the day an aircraft would encounter the least turbulent winds at 760 m (2,500 feet) above central Kansas. If you were the weather forecaster, what would you tell the pilot?

A rising parcel of air that does not exchange heat with its surroundings is an example of ________.

This is a picture of a _______ cloud.

The ozone hole is an actual hole in the atmosphere, a region of complete vacuum.

The most abundant gas in the stratosphere is ____.

Of the four most abundant gases in our atmosphere, carbon dioxide shows the greatest variation at Earth's surface

Atmospheric concentration of helium has increased from below 300 ppm historically to over 400 ppm presently.

Middle latitude cyclonic storms are also known as ____.

Earth emits radiation with greatest intensity at ____.

As we apply Newtonian principles and analyze the way the Sun’s energy travels to Earth through the atmosphere, we can say that solar radiation reaches Earth's surface as ____.

What type of energy has a wavelength longer than that of red light?

Earth absorbs approximately less than half the units of solar energy that it emits of infrared energy. What prevents Earth from getting colder and colder?

If Earth's average surface temperature were to increase, the amount of radiation emitted from the Earth's surface would increase, and the wavelength of peak emission would shift towards shorter wavelengths.

A vertical exchange of heat is called ____.

Which gases are primarily responsible for the atmospheric greenhouse effect in Earth's atmosphere?

If the amount of energy lost by Earth to space each year were not approximately equal to that received, ____.

Without water vapor to absorb the Earth's emitted infrared radiation, Earth would lose more heat.

The combined albedo of Earth and the atmosphere is approximately ____ percent.

A change of 1 degree on the Celsius scale is ____ a change of 1 Kelvin.

Heat is transferred in Earth's atmosphere by radiation.

The heat energy released when water vapor changes to a liquid is called ____.

The amount of heat energy required to bring about a change in temperature in a substance is called the 

Without the atmospheric greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature would be ____.

Temperature is a measure of the maximum possible speed of atoms and molecules.

The rising air bubbles from convection are known as ____.

During the formation of clouds what is released as sensible heat? 

In most of the world, temperature is recorded in ____.

The atmosphere near the Earth's surface is "heated from below" by heat energy from Earth's interior.

Carbon dioxide and water vapor are called selective absorbing greenhouse gases.

Both the Earth and the Sun can be treated as blackbodies.

On an average, what percentage of solar energy striking the outer atmosphere eventually reaches the Earth's surface?

Solar wind is composed of plasma or charged particles travelling through space.

Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorcarbons are the greenhouse gases that appear to be responsible for the enhancement of Earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect.

In overcast weather, the air next to the ground is usually ____ than the air above during the night and ____ than the air above during the day.

An important reason for the large diurnal temperature range in deserts is:

If it is winter in New York City, the season in Sydney, Australia is summer.

During the Northern Hemisphere's summer, the daylight hours in northern latitudes are longer than in the middle latitudes.

The maximum in daytime surface temperature typically occurs before Earth receives its most intense solar radiation.

When a liquid thermometer is held in in the shade, it will:

When would one expect the warmest weather in middle latitudes in the summer in the Southern Hemisphere?

Because the temperature of the night air depends primarily on the length of the night, the moisture content of the air, cloudiness, and wind, one would expect the LOWEST temperatures to be found next to the ground on a:

Where the air is humid, haze and cloudiness lower the maximum temperature by preventing some of the sun’s rays from reaching the ground.

Both the ground and the air above it cool by radiating infrared energy, a process called radiational cooling.

In cold weather, when there is a brisk wind, the temperature we perceive—called the sensible temperature, or wind-chill—is often ____ a thermometer might indicate.

In the Northern Hemisphere, which day has the most hours of daylight?

Although the polar regions radiate away more heat energy than they receive by insolation in the course of a year, they are prevented from becoming progressively colder each year by the:

Hyperthermia, or heat stroke, is most common in:

How many times per year is the Sun directly overhead at the southern hemisphere city of Asunción, Paraguay (latitude -25 degrees)?

The daily (diurnal) range of temperature is greatest next to the ground.

Which latitude would experience the most hours of daylight on December 22?

The smallest variation in daily temperature usually occurs:

Where the air is humid, haze and cloudiness lower the maximum temperature by preventing some of the sun’s rays from reaching the ground.

Which type of thermometer has a glass bulb attached to a sealed, graduated tube about 25 cm (10 in) long that contains a substance, usually mercury or red-colored alcohol?

Condensation is more likely to happen as the air cools and the speed of the water vapor decreases.

Absolute humidity represents the water vapor density (mass / volume) in a parcel of air, and normally, is expressed as grams of water vapor in a cubic meter of air.

Water molecules changing from a vapor state to a liquid state are condensing.

The ice-to-vapor phase transition is known as ____.

Condensation occurs primarily when air is cooled, because as temperature drops the speed of the water molecules increases.

Microscopic bits of dust, smoke, salt, and other particles that commonly are mixed in with air molecules, are called condensation nuclei.

As the difference between the air temperature and the dew point increases, the relative humidity ____.

The greatest warming experienced over the globe in the last 100 years, has occurred in ____.

Volcanoes that have the most impact on global climate seem to be those rich in ____.

The sun’s energy output, called brightness, varies by ____ with sunspot activity.

If Earth were in a cooling trend, which process below would most likely act as a positive feedback mechanism?

Many different mechanisms impact climate change. The water vapor-greenhouse feedback represents a ____ feedback mechanism.

The Maunder Minimum refers to a time when ____.

Particles that reduce the amount of sunlight reaching Earth’s surface tend to cause ____ of the surface air during the ____.

Thick sheets of ice advanced over North America as far south as New York as recently as ____.

Most of the ice on Earth is in the ____ ice sheets.

As oceans cool, they remove more CO2 from the atmosphere.

When all of the Milankovitch cycles are taken into account, the present trend should be towards ____ over high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

The oxygen isotope ratios of calcium carbonate shells have provided information about the sequence of glacier advances.

The water vapor-greenhouse feedback, which can amplify the warming effect of other greenhouse gases, represents a positive feedback mechanism because the warming brought about by increased carbon dioxide allows more water vapor to enter the atmosphere.

The fact that we find glacial features near sea level in Africa today is explained by the ____.

The energy for hurricanes comes from the transfer of ____ from the ocean surface to the atmosphere.

A storm of tropical origin whose high winds and water cause a great deal of destruction to islands in the western North Pacific is (in this part of the world) known as a ____.

Most hurricanes have fronts

In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricanes and middle latitude cyclones are similar, in that both ____.

Pressure at the center of a hurricane is ____ the surroundings at the surface and ____ than the surroundings aloft.

Which of the following areas in the United States would most likely experience thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes during the course of one year?

When a hurricane is approaching from the south, its highest winds are usually on its eastern, or right, side.

Most hurricanes move westwards over tropical waters.

In a hurricane, the eye wall represents ____.

A favorable condition for hurricane development is a ____.

The main difference between a hurricane and a tropical storm is that ____.

Hurricanes cannot form along the equator because ____.

Just before a storm becomes a fully developed hurricane, it is in the ____ stage.

Which event only forms over water?

The main source of energy for a hurricane is the ____.

The dramatic wind shear associated with several major airline crashes was associated with ____.

Downdrafts tend to dominate during the ____ stage.

About ____ percent of all cloud-to-ground lightning is negative rather than positive.