WorksheetsSemester 1 FiNAL?
Total questions: 21
Worksheet time: 1hrs 1mins
“When the initial siege failed to take the city,* [the Ottoman] Sultan Mehmet II summoned the cannon-makers and spoke to them about what cannon could be used to demolish the northern wall of the city, along the bay of the Golden Horn. They assured him it would be easy to demolish that wall if they could construct another massive cannon. The Sultan immediately provided them with everything they needed. So they constructed the cannon, a thing most fearsome to see and altogether unbelievable. With an astounding thunder and a flame that lit up all the surroundings, the canon hurled stones that hit the wall with tremendous force and velocity and immediately knocked it down.
After a long and bitter struggle, the Ottomans prevailed and their entire army poured into the city through the breach in the walls. They robbed and plundered, and the whole city was despoiled and blackened as if by fire. The Sultan then entered the city and saw its great size, grandeur, and beauty. When he saw what a large number had been killed and the wholesale ruin and destruction of the city, he was filled with compassion. Tears fell from his eyes as he groaned: ‘What a great city we have given over to plunder and destruction!’”
*The Byzantine capital Constantinople, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and renamed Istanbul
Michael Kritovoulos, Byzantine noble, History of Mehmet the Conqueror, written in the 1460s
Question
The conduct of the siege as described in the passage could best be used to explain which of the following processes in the period 1450–1750 ?
The transmission of new weapons along trade networks
The use of new weapons by expanding imperial states
The use of new weapons to establish trading-post empires
The development of new processes of manufacturing to create new weapons
“When the initial siege failed to take the city,* [the Ottoman] Sultan Mehmet II summoned the cannon-makers and spoke to them about what cannon could be used to demolish the northern wall of the city, along the bay of the Golden Horn. They assured him it would be easy to demolish that wall if they could construct another massive cannon. The Sultan immediately provided them with everything they needed. So they constructed the cannon, a thing most fearsome to see and altogether unbelievable. With an astounding thunder and a flame that lit up all the surroundings, the canon hurled stones that hit the wall with tremendous force and velocity and immediately knocked it down.
After a long and bitter struggle, the Ottomans prevailed and their entire army poured into the city through the breach in the walls. They robbed and plundered, and the whole city was despoiled and blackened as if by fire. The Sultan then entered the city and saw its great size, grandeur, and beauty. When he saw what a large number had been killed and the wholesale ruin and destruction of the city, he was filled with compassion. Tears fell from his eyes as he groaned: ‘What a great city we have given over to plunder and destruction!’”
*The Byzantine capital Constantinople, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and renamed Istanbul
Michael Kritovoulos, Byzantine noble, History of Mehmet the Conqueror, written in the 1460s
Question
The type of warfare described in the passage most directly helps to explain which of the following sixteenth-century developments?
The growing political influence of religious scholars at the Ottoman court
The granting of substantial religious and legal autonomy to Christian subjects in the Ottoman Empire
The intensification of political rivalries between the Ottoman Empire and neighboring states in Europe and the Middle East
The decline of the importance of the Janissaries in the Ottoman army
“When the initial siege failed to take the city,* [the Ottoman] Sultan Mehmet II summoned the cannon-makers and spoke to them about what cannon could be used to demolish the northern wall of the city, along the bay of the Golden Horn. They assured him it would be easy to demolish that wall if they could construct another massive cannon. The Sultan immediately provided them with everything they needed. So they constructed the cannon, a thing most fearsome to see and altogether unbelievable. With an astounding thunder and a flame that lit up all the surroundings, the canon hurled stones that hit the wall with tremendous force and velocity and immediately knocked it down.
After a long and bitter struggle, the Ottomans prevailed and their entire army poured into the city through the breach in the walls. They robbed and plundered, and the whole city was despoiled and blackened as if by fire. The Sultan then entered the city and saw its great size, grandeur, and beauty. When he saw what a large number had been killed and the wholesale ruin and destruction of the city, he was filled with compassion. Tears fell from his eyes as he groaned: ‘What a great city we have given over to plunder and destruction!’”
*The Byzantine capital Constantinople, which was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 and renamed Istanbul
Michael Kritovoulos, Byzantine noble, History of Mehmet the Conqueror, written in the 1460s
Question
The type of weaponry used in the siege, as described in the passage, could also help to explain the expansion of all of the following states in the period 1450–1750 EXCEPT the
Aztec (Mexica) Empire
Safavid Empire
Mughal Empire
Qing dynasty
Musa I (also known as Mansa Musa) made a notable pilgrimage to Mecca and worked to spread Islam throughout his reign. This is an example of which of the following?
Forced conversion of conquered populations
The spread of Islam facilitating trade relationships
Religious conflict between native African religions
A sectarian split between Sunni and Shi’a in Africa
MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION INCLUDED IN A PERSIAN HISTORY OF THE MUGHAL CONQUEST OF INDIA SHOWING THE MUGHAL DEFEAT OF THE SULTAN OF DELHI AT THE BATTLE OF PANIPAT IN 1526
The illustrated history was prepared for the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century.
Which of the following best explains the process illustrated in the image?
States increasingly relied on slave soldiers to establish large empires.
The invention of the stirrup allowed expanding states to use cavalry more effectively.
The development of new types of armor reduced casualties and allowed states to expand faster than before.
States used gunpowder weapons to establish large empires.
The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire’s Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy.
The Ottoman Empire’s recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450–1750 ?
The collection of tribute
Establishment of religious uniformity
Abolition of feudal privileges
The granting of autonomy to minority groups
The inclusion of the image in the manuscript best illustrates which of the following features of the period 1450–1750 ?
Rulers using art as a way to communicate with their illiterate subjects
Rulers using art to expand their territories
Rulers using art as a way to increase literacy
Rulers using art to legitimize their rule
“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.
Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.
In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”
*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444
Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528
Question
A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to
promote religious war against fellow Christians
encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence
demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God
reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings
“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.
Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.
In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”
*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444
Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528
Question
A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church
had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land
had become corrupted by power
had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism
had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity
The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia?
The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies
The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate
The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China
The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire
In 1331, Sulayman’s great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy.”
A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases.
Question
Voyages such as those referred to in the paragraph were most directly facilitated by which of the following?
A decrease in pirate activity following Zheng He’s naval expeditions
Merchants’ understanding of the patterns of the monsoon winds
An increase in the use of new forms of credit, such as paper money
Technological transfers from Europe, such as the compass
“A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and ‘sub-Saharan’ Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . .
Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the ‘golden age’ of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous.”
Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011
Question
Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200–1450 ?
Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves.
The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert.
The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities.
Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.
Ibn Battuta, Muslim traveler from North Africa, account of his journey to China, circa 1345
The purpose of Ibn Battuta’s account was most likely to
glorify himself by exaggerating the influence he had obtained over local rulers in Southeast Asia
warn Muslim merchants that China was beginning to dominate commerce in the Indian Ocean
encourage fellow Muslims in North Africa to participate more in maritime commerce
inform his audience about the cultural, political, and economic characteristics of the places he visited
Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments.
They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.
They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces.
They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.
The spread of which of the following religious traditions was most directly facilitated by trade along the routes shown on the map?
Christianity
Buddhism
Islam
Judaism
In the period after circa 1450, trade along the routes shown on the map declined in large part because of the
decrease in the demand for African manufactured goods in Europe
collapse of European economies in the wake of the bubonic plague
disruption caused by the adoption of new gunpowder weapons
increase of maritime trade along the African coast
The image depicts a Chinese Confucian scholar and two female attendants.
Question
The image can best be used as a source of information about the
social prestige of established educated elites in Chinese society under Mongol rule
influence of Christian missionaries in Mongol-controlled China
high status of wealthy merchants in traditional Chinese society
increased importance of Mongol Buddhism and shamanism on Chinese society under Yuan rule
Japanese authorities required suspected Japanese Christians to tread on fumi-e plates based on the belief that Christians would refuse to disrespect images of Jesus Christ and other Christian religious figures.
The use of objects such as the one shown in the image best illustrates which of the following historical processes from 1450 to 1750 ?
Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs.
Political leaders in Asia commissioned works of art to legitimize their rule.
Religious conversion by state rulers was often followed by the mass conversion of state populations.
The territorial expansion of Asian land-based empires limited European influence in many parts of Asia.
Which of the following best explains why, in the mid fourteenth century, events of the type depicted in the image were more common in urban areas of Afro-Eurasia than in rural or mountainous regions?
The disease principally spread along trade routes, and most commerce occurred in urban areas.
People in rural and mountainous regions had greater access to natural medicines that could fight the disease.
People in rural and mountainous regions were better able to flee to the safety of their lords’ castles.
The disease principally spread among religious missionaries, and most missionaries traveled to cities.
Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe.
They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox.
They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries.
They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.
“History is filled with the sound of silken slippers going downstairs and wooden shoes coming up.”
A proponent of the idea presented in the excerpt—that history is full of cycles in which the elite are overthrown by an underclass that subsequently become the new elite—would most likely use which of the following as an example?
The sack of Constantinople in 1204
The rise of the Ghanaian Empire
The Chinese Red Turban Rebellion
The split of the Romans and Byzantines
