_______ is often seen as another word for the information or facts we possess about the world, as distinct from being skilled.

______ Reading: we need to be active participant in our own reading. We cannot simply be the passive receptacle of information, but be the ones who sift valuable information to benefit ourselves.

The texts we read are not just units of knowledge to be passively absorbed. Instead, we have to not only ________ the text, but also take it apart more thoroughly. This means asking questions and making judgement about what we read.

The texts we read are not just units of knowledge to be passively absorbed. Instead, we have to not only ________ the text, but also take it apart more thoroughly. This means asking questions and making judgement about what we read.

The world is inundated by information -> information overloaded in our mind -> confused / misled -> get lost / astray

Being an active reader means that we have to ask questions & make judgement about what we read.

Yao Ming is a Chinese basketball player. This sentence is a purely descriptive _____ about a fact. It tells us who Yao Ming is.

Yao Ming is a good basketball player, because he has contributed to the victory of the Huston Rocket for many times. This is a claim with reason.

When we present claims, we need to provide reasons to support them, to _____ why other people should accept them.

_______:statements about things that only repeat our own opinions without any justification.

________：provides a justification for us to accept something with which others might disagree.

Conclusions can be evaluated; Reasons can be “assessed” too.

理由可以很有说服力，也可能很扯蛋。只有逻辑严谨有说服力的理由支持，才会有可靠的结论/论点

_____：justify arguments with reasons leading to conclusions

_______：each side relies on assertion, and emotions also play a big a part

similarity between argument and dispute: opinions between ______ groups of people

_______: weighing up & making judgement about parts of an argument.

the first stage of the Critical Path is _______________

arguments can be measured/assessed through ____

_______ : a short explanation or note added to a text or image, or the act of adding short explanations or notes.

_______ note method was created by Walter Pauk, a professor at Cornell, in the 1950s. It has remained a useful strategy for students who want to create their own study-guide and useful reference system within their notes.

The _____ method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without laborious recopying.

Professor Walter Pauk of the Study Center at Cornell University describes

five essential elements to note taking. He calls these elements the five R’s

of note taking. ______: Writing down key words, phrases, facts, main ideas, and key

concepts.

Professor Walter Pauk of the Study Center at Cornell University describes

five essential elements to note taking. He calls these elements the five R’s

of note taking._____: This step reduces the learner’s notes into summary form for

quick studying and preparation for a test

Professor Walter Pauk of the Study Center at Cornell University describes

five essential elements to note taking. He calls these elements the five R’s

of note taking._____: Learners should review and rephrase their notes as soon as

possible after class putting the notes into their own words. This step

makes notes easier to understand their own thoughts and meaning

_____: Something that many learners don’t grasp is that notes

(concepts, ideas, and keywords) should be thought about. It is easy to fall

into the trap of reciting notes by rote. The key is to think about the con

cepts, their meaning, and implications. Through this thoughtful process,

learners are getting the most of out of note taking and classes.

_____: Learners should periodically review to keep the informa

tion fresh in your mind. One real secret of successful studying is to know

when, how, and what to review. Like an accomplished performer, it is the

quality of the review that makes a difference. Reviewing is an intentional,

intense, and active process, not a passive process.

Everyone is born with culture and this "culture" stays with him/her for the whole life. 每个人出生即带着文化，而且这个“文化”会伴随他/她一辈子。

Everyone acquires culture in his/her life through family, school, friends, community, social media, etc. 每个人在生活中通过家庭，学校，朋友，社区，社交媒体等习得文化。

Culture is a shared system of _______

Fostering inclusion & awareness around multicultural environment & taking a culturally responsive approach to adapt to the globalized world benefits all people. 培养对多元文化的包容和认知，主动去适应全球化的世界会使所有人受益。

Culture is not what people are born with but have to learneither directly or indirectly learn (acquired). 文化并非人们与生俱来的，而是后天学习获得的，这种学习可以是直接的也可以是间接的。

______ : culture standars that people use to decide what’s good or bad.   

______ : Specific ideas about what people think is true about the world. .   

Values are a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society, they are  deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture’s beliefs

●Values help shape a society by suggesting what is good and bad, beautiful and ugly, sought or avoided.

______ are established, written rules. They are behaviorsworked out and agreed upon in order to suit and serve the most people.

One's own culture provides the "____" through which we view the world.

_____:  a fixed general image or the characteristics that a lot of people believe a particular person / thing has.

_____: an opinion about whether a person, group or idea is good or bad which influences how you deal with it. 

_______: unreasonable dislike or distrust of people who are different from you in some way, especially because of their race, age, religion, etc.    

_____: the unjust /unfair treatment of different groups of people, on factors of race, age, gender, or disability.

we should explore the world with courage, curiosity & modesty ( not with arrogance or bias ). 我们应该带着勇气，好奇心和谦卑之心去探索世界，而不是带着傲慢和偏见去了解世界。

Stereotypes help me learn about the globalized world ;

But Stereotypes do not give me the full picture of this diversified world

C_______ : refers to a culture value that emphasizes the importance of the collective & the state & believes that the collective interest is higher than the individual interest.

I______ : emphasizes self & individual achievements, believes that individual value is the above everything else, highlighting the individual interest.   

Which one below is Stereotype ?  _____

Bias & prejudice are 2 attitudes that result in injustice不公正& discrimination歧视.

Prejudice is a preconceived opinion that is not based on actual experience / reason, but factors i.e. religion, gender, age, caste & race.

Evidence: __________________

_______: to make a judgment based on evidence..

A technique that inserts the word “…” into a text to test whether it is an argument.

_______: A language that is primarily designed to persuade its reader or listener.

Which one of the following alternatives best describes climate change.

What is economic inequality?

______ explains what symbols used on the map represent, such as symbols for major landmarks;

_____: a compass (rose), or other symbols used to indicate North, South, East, West;

______: shows the relation between a certain distance on the map and the actual distance. E.g. 1 cm might represent 1 km or more depending on the size of map.

●map-> representation of your understanding of the world -> embodize your _____

map is “subjective” not reality-> from 3 D to 2 D, there is “distortion扭曲”

Globalization to some extent, it means “_______”, with uniform working language & standards, collaborations across races, countries, religions etc. become available.

____: a set of physical, mental, emotional, social, & interpersonal characteristics that define you.

_____: gives you your sense of self -> a set of traits that defines you & distinguishes you from other people.

•identity gives a sense of _____ -> the feeling that you are the same person you were 10 years ago & you will be 10 years from now.

The culture diversity in this globalized world enriches people's perspectives & attitudes towards social issues .

______ explains what symbols used on the map represent, such as symbols for major landmarks;

_____: a compass (rose), or other symbols used to indicate North, South, East, West;

______: shows the relation between a certain distance on the map and the actual distance. E.g. 1 cm might represent 1 km or more depending on the size of map.

●map-> representation of your understanding of the world -> embodize your _____

map is “subjective” not reality-> from 3 D to 2 D, there is “distortion扭曲”

Globalization to some extent, it means “_______”, with uniform working language & standards, collaborations across races, countries, religions etc. become available.

____: a set of physical, mental, emotional, social, & interpersonal characteristics that define you.

_____: gives you your sense of self -> a set of traits that defines you & distinguishes you from other people.

•identity gives a sense of _____ -> the feeling that you are the same person you were 10 years ago & you will be 10 years from now.

The culture diversity in this globalized world enriches people's perspectives & attitudes towards social issues .

Evidence requires a chain of evidence to mutually support, ensuring _______ 证据 需要 证据链 相互佐证 以确保：______

One single evidence is not reliable & trust-worhty. 孤证不足信

Witnesses may provide false testimony due to being bribed, psychological reasons, personal bias, or memory errors. 证人有做伪证可能性： 或许被收买 或许心理原因 或者 个人倾向  记忆有可能有误

Seeing is believing, hearing is deceiving. Therefore, what a witness personally sees is definitely the truth. 眼见为实，耳听为虚。所以证人亲眼见证的一定是事实。

Critical thinking requires more energy and long-term training to become proficient – thinking is like a muscle; the more you practice, the better it becomes. 批判性思考�需要消耗更多精力  需要长期训练 才会游刃有余

思维就像肌肉�越练越好

Human thinking has inertia and laziness, both of which hinder the cultivation of critical thinking and impede people from becoming _____. 人的思维有惯性和惰性，他们都会给批判性思维的培养拖后腿，阻碍人们变得更______。

Psychologically, the general public tend to follow the ____. 从心理学上讲，人民群众有跟从_____心理

Without proper precaution, a team can be misled by a single dominant individual. 如果没有预防措施，一个团队或许会被一个强势的个人所误导。

Truth often lies in the hands of the minority. 真理往往掌握在少数人手里

Because lawers have the professional knolwedge of laws and represent for the truth, just and fairness, we need trust and support all the laws. 因为律师有法律等专业知识，代表了真理，公正和正义，所以我们要信任和支持所有的律师。

lawyers do not represent justice and fairness. 律师不代表公平和正义

Law and lawers tend to serve the wealthy and powerful. 法律和律师倾向于服务权贵阶层。

In ancient China, lawers serve the rich and the powerful, oppressing the common people, so they were disparagingly called "litigation sticks". 古代中国，状师/讼师（律师）主要服务于权贵，帮其欺压百姓，因而被人们群众蔑称为“讼棍”

Collective decision-making is difficult, as there is often a lack of consensus and it is hard to rally everyone's efforts, and truth often lies in the hands of a minority.集体决策是困难的，意见不统一 很难群策群力, 而且真理往往掌握在少数人手里.

There are many people who do not care about others, lack a sense of responsibility & civic participation. 有很多人不在乎他人 没有责任心 市民的政治参与感差

It is difficult for us to grasp the whole truth of a matter; we must be humble, cautious, and refrain from being self-righteous or blaming others, and look for our own faults. 我们很难掌握事情的全部真相 一定要谦虚 谨慎  不要自以为是 不要总是责怪他人 要多找自己原因

The law does not deliver justice and does not serve the people; it is dominated by the ruling class in a paticular manner. 法律不能实现正义，也不为人民服务；它在某种特定方式上受统治阶级的支配。

Memory of witness could be fooled, rewritten or even replaced if we implement particular skills. 证人的记忆可能会在实施特定技巧后被欺骗、改写甚至替换。

When Law and police combined, justice and fairness can be served to the general public. 当法律与警力相结合，人民的公正公平和正义就能得到保障。

____: a person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place.

_____: any of the material items or assertions of fact that may be submitted to a competent tribunal as a means of ascertaining the truth of any alleged matter of fact under investigation before it.

_____: a body of people (typically twelve in number) sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them in court:

_____: the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties:

A clumsy lie requires more lies to cover it up. Therefore, the testimony of any liar will inevitably contain logical gaps. We should learn to analyze and think critically, and not readily believe the words of others. We should listen to their words, observe their actions, and consider their motives. 拙劣的谎言需要更多的谎言去圆谎。因而任何说谎者的证词都会出现逻辑漏洞，我们应该学习分析和思考，不能轻信他人言语。要听其言，观其行，思其因

____: a formal written or spoken statement, especially one given in a court of law:

Since all the witnesses will swear with their hands on the Bible in western countries, no one will lie to the judge and the court.

数据：在SCA 的G P考场门口抽样调查，问学生对于GP考试的感受，85%的学生认为这个考试很变态。

阶段性假设：SCA大部分学生认为GP考试很变态。结论：Cambridge应该降低G P考试难度。这里的问题是：_______

survey (study)调查类错误 包括：______

成功学忽悠人的套路：努力 ->成功=发财=迎娶白富美. 这个套路的主要逻辑错误是：______

cause & effect fallacies因果关系类错误包括：_______

changing scope fallacies范围变化类错误 包括:______

因转基因食品安全问题的考虑而抵制进口中国杂交水稻稻米, 这犯了什么逻辑错误？

因中国某一家太阳能电池企业的某一批次产品有问题，欧盟和美国就大肆鼓吹批评所有中国太阳能产品质量低劣.这犯了哪种逻辑错误:______

因德国人总是给人以严肃严谨的态度，我们要相信schimite 因为他就是一个德国人。这犯了什么逻辑错误：_____

这个班的平均数学成绩很高 所以班上的Danny同学在数学方面一定不会差. 这里放了什么逻辑错误:_____

过去没有发展中国家实现工业化，现在也不会有发展中国家实现工业化。这里犯了什么逻辑错误？

中国可以实现工业化，可以独自造航母，印度和中国国情非常像，所以印度也一定可以。这里犯了什么逻辑错误？

•       他的商业策划非常完美，所以一定能够成功，我们赶紧投资吧。这里犯了什么逻辑错误？

他是一个高帅富，所以你嫁给他绝对不亏。这里犯了什么逻辑错误？

发展中国家不能实现工业化，要么是自己不够努力，国民懒惰，要么是资源和运气不足，不会有其他原因。这里犯了什么逻辑错误？

欧美是先发达，后民主，但总是在国际上宣传劝导各国先实现“民主”，并解释到有了民主就有经济发展和现代化。这是犯了什么逻辑错误？

七年前，附近的Brookville社区的业主实施了一系列关于该社区的庭院应如何布置以及房屋应涂何种颜色的规定。从那以后，Brookville的地产平均价格翻了三番。为使Deerhaven Acres的地产升值，我们也应该对于景观和房屋涂色实施自己的规定。这里出现的逻辑问题有：_______

在本市的两家最大的房地产经纪公司--Adams Realty和Fitch Realty--之中，Adams显然更优秀一些。Adams有40名房地产经纪人，而Fitch只有25个，且很多是兼职工作。而且，Adams去年的收入是Fitch的两倍，其平均房价为$168000，而Fitch仅为$144000。在Adams销售的房屋卖得也更快：十年前，我把我的房产交给Fitch，它用了四个多月才卖出去；去年，我在Adams卖了另一处房产，仅用一个月就售出了。因此，要想让你的房产卖的更快更好，你应该选择Adams。这里的逻辑错误是：______

在Monroe建立爵士乐俱乐部将会是非常盈利的产业。当前，最近的爵士俱乐部也在65英里以外；因此，我们筹建的俱乐部C Note将会占有全部的本地市场。而且，爵士乐在Monroe非常流行：去年夏天10万多人参加了Monroe的爵士音乐节，若干知名爵士音乐家居住在Monroe，Monroe获评价最高的广播节目是平时每天播出的Jazz Nightly。最后，一项全国性研究表明典型的爵士爱好者每年花费近1000元用于爵士娱乐。显然C Note将会赚钱。

人有不同层次的需求，最初级的需求是：________

人有不同层次的需求，第二等级的需求是：________

人有不同层次的需求，第三等级的需求是：________

人有不同层次的需求，第五等级的需求是：________

人的需求在各个年龄段和各种家庭条件下是不变的固定的，都是从低层次生理需求到高层次精神需求。

在说服对方的过程中，必须考虑到对方的需求，让你得利益诉求与对方的需求找到____，这样更容易说服对方。

一个事物它是否具有价值，有多高的价值，取决于对象，因为每个对象的需求是不一样的。

人有不同层次的需求，第四等级的需求是：________

一个事物的价值有内在和外在之分。如果这个事物本身的存在让你开心幸福，这就是内在价值，比如你的个人兴趣是钓鱼，那么钓鱼这件事本身对于你就有“内在价值”。

一个事物的价值有内在和外在之分。如果这个事物本身的存在对你没有多大意义，但你通过它可以间接获得你想要的事物，那么这就是外在价值。比如你不喜欢打网球，但你心仪的他/她喜欢打网球，你选择通过打网球来拉近和心仪对象的距离，培养感情，那么打网球这件事对你就是外在价值。

你的兴趣是户外探险旅游，但为了挣到钱去享受户外，你选择高薪资的互联网码农工作，那么码农工作对你而言具有：______

任何社会都有“表规则”（能说不能能做）和“潜规则”（能做不能说）。要想说服对方执行你希望的操作，需要同时考虑“表规则”和“潜规则”.

说服不是简单地让对方接受你的观点。高明的说服建立在____说服对象的基础之上

高明的说服建立在理解说服对象的基础之上，这意味着你理解他/她/它的需求，了解对方的语言沟通方式，思维逻辑，对方的感受，和对方的立场，能够换位思考，而不是只从自己的立场出发。

真正的理解是用对方的立场看待自己的观点，而不是站在自己的立场强调自我感受；真正的说服是用对方的逻辑证明你的观点，而不是站在自己逻辑之上论证自己观点的正确性。

真正的爱不是用自己方式去表达，而是你用对方理解和接受的方式去表达。比如你要表达对父母的爱，你觉得给老人买保险，带他们出国旅游，吃大餐是对他们爱的表现。实际上，父母可能根本不信任保险，你买保险，甚至反复向他们介绍保险的意义和价值，这只会让他们反感，让他们觉得你不爱他们。

你很懂汽车，当你的好朋友要买新能源车的时候，为了表达你对好友的“真爱”，你再三告诫他买车不要看新三大件“电视冰箱大沙发”，而是“发动机/电机，电池和电控”。即使她/他更在乎的是把车子作为第二家庭空间，供全家人共享时光的地方，真的不在乎续航和电控技术多好。 你也要坚持专业的观点，努力劝说好友，以免他/她花钱买教训。任何坐看朋友花钱买教训而不劝导阻止的，都不是“真正的友情”。

现代社会推崇个人解放，鼓励追求个性化、差异化和多样化。这本质上是对“尊重”的一种满足。因而，倾听对方意见，给与部分肯定，甚至分享相似观点，是打开沟通局面的有效方式。切忌“扬己抑彼”，无论有意还是无意，通过贬低对方价值观、世界观和人生观，再输出自己的观点，这都是低效错误的沟通，难以说服对方。

你不可能在所有时间使所有人接受你的观点，但你确实可以通过技巧训练做到在特点时间使特定人群接受你的观点，尽管这个观点换一个场合会变得很“荒谬”。

很多成功的广告营销会以消费者的个人情感差异和需求为核心，通过情感包装、情感推广、情感广告、情感口碑、情感设计等策略实现企业的经营目标。这时，消费者在购买商品时看重的不是商品的价格、数量和质量，而是一种情感满足和心理认同。情感营销从消费者的情感需求出发，激发消费者的情感需求，诱发消费者的精神共鸣。

人是社会性的动物，都有沟通的需求，即使是寡居独居的人也在通过某些方式与特定人群沟通联系。所以并不存在不能沟通的人(排除精神病患者或者心理疾病者)，只是你没有找对沟通的方式方法。

有些人买特定品牌商品或服务，并非在意其本身价值，而是希望通过这样的选择来彰显自己的“与众不同”，这是个人对“尊重和理解需求”的追求。

人在购买商品和服务的时候，既会追求“个性”凸显自己与众不同，也会追求“共性”表现从众心理。在说服他人的时候，也要考虑到对方对“个性”与“共性”诉求的程度。

广告就是要不择手段地让观众接受我们的观点，按我们的意愿行事。