Triangulation involves combining research methods, while Methodological pluralism refers to idea that the use of two or more methods increases reliability and validity of the work

Triangulation is a method of studying social behavior, while Methodological pluralism is a method of studying the natural world

Triangulation is a qualitative research method, while Methodological pluralism is a quantitative research method

Triangulation is used by positivists, while Methodological pluralism is used by interpretivists

Positivism advocates for qualitative research methods, Interpretivism advocates for quantitative research methods, Realism combines both qualitative and quantitative methods

Positivism focuses on studying social behavior using methods similar to those used in the natural world, Interpretivism advocates methods that enable understanding of the meanings people attach to their actions, Realism combines both positivism and interpretivism

Positivism focuses on studying the natural world, Interpretivism focuses on studying social behavior, Realism focuses on studying individual actions

Positivism advocates for studying social behavior through participant observation, Interpretivism advocates for studying social behavior through experiments, Realism combines both participant observation and experiments

Unstructured interviews, Rigorous testing, Qualitative measurements, Ethnography

Participant observation, Ethnography, In-depth interviews, Focus groups

Rigorous testing, Structured interviews, Experiments, Comparative and observational studies

Field experiments, Case studies, Content analysis, Surveys

Beliefs about what a researcher should or should not do before, during, and after their research

The source of funding for academic research

The morality of doing something

The effectiveness of the research approach in generating consistent data

Personal objectivity, Reliability, Validity, Objectivity

Is it true? – lying about results, Is it fair? – plagiarism, ownership, Is it wise? – does it damage the human condition, does it lead to a better world

Choose a topic, select the most appropriate method of collecting data, confront and resolve theoretical questions, assess how and why various methods are fit for the purpose of testing a hypothesis or answering a research question

Legal considerations, Safety considerations, Ethical considerations

Reliability refers to the effectiveness of the research approach in generating consistent data, Validity refers to the extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure

Reliability refers to the extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure, Validity refers to the effectiveness of the research approach in generating consistent data

Reliability refers to the morality of doing something, Validity refers to the source of funding for academic research

Reliability refers to the extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure, Validity refers to the morality of doing something

We can study objective features of the social world because they are solid and permanent, Many realities expressed through the various ways in which people see and understand the social world

Personal objectivity is something all sociologists must actively try to achieve, Without it, sociological research has no greater reliability or validity than any other form of knowledge

The closer we get to studying people in their natural environment, the more valid the results, The use of two or more research methods where the weaknesses of one method can be offset by the strengths of another

The extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure, The ideal that can never be attained because all research involves some degree of value commitment

The closer we get to studying people in their natural environment, the more valid the results

The extent to which a research sample accurately reflects the population being studied

The extent to which a research method measures what it claims to measure

The effectiveness of the research approach in generating consistent data

To combine research methodologies in ways that allow each other to complement each other to improve research reliability and validity

To understand the meanings that people attach to their actions

To study objective features of the social world because they are solid and permanent

To achieve personal objectivity and ensure the reliability and validity of the research

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon

A hypothesis is a method of collecting data

A hypothesis is a method of analyzing data

A hypothesis is a method of presenting research findings

Qualitative research methods focus on numerical data, while quantitative research methods focus on non-numerical data

Qualitative research methods focus on non-numerical data, while quantitative research methods focus on numerical data

Qualitative research methods are used by positivists, while quantitative research methods are used by interpretivists

Qualitative research methods are used by interpretivists, while quantitative research methods are used by positivists

A research sample is important because it represents the population being studied

A research sample is important because it is the source of funding for the research

A research sample is important because it determines the research methodology to be used

A research sample is important because it determines the research findings

Data analysis is important because it is the source of funding for the research

Data analysis is important because it determines the research methodology to be used

Data analysis is important because it determines the research findings

Data analysis is important because it helps to understand the data, identify patterns, draw conclusions, and make informed decisions

quantatative data

longitudinal studies

participant observation

comparitive analysis

reliability of the interview is higher than a questionaire

A structureed interview is conducted personally a questionaire is not

The type of data from a questionaire is more valid

A structured interview is anonymous and a questionaire is not

causation

correlation

variable

experiment

covert observation

verstehen

overt observation

valid statistical data

To understand by experiencing (empathy)

positivist

interpretivism

a value free approach

quantative data is the most desirable

Sceptical : nothing is beyond criticism

choice of methods

Universal knowledge is the objective

Communial knowledge meant to be shared

The main goal is to seek knowledge

Positivisim

Trangulation

Interpretisvism

Ethnolgraphy