Inflammatory response develops ___ after an injury.

The inflammatory response is only always protective.

Rapid response to an injurious agent that serves to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site of injury.

What is the suffix for inflammation?

What are the 3 major components of acute inflammation?

Increased or restricted blood flow is which of the 3 parts of acute inflammation?

Part of acute inflammation that allows plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation.

Emigration of leukocytes from the microcirculation, accumulation in the focus of the injury and their activation to elminate the agent is part of the major components of acute inflammation.

Select the functions of inflammation.

The inflammatory response consists of ____

Select the cardinal signs of inflammation.

"Rubor"

"tumor"

"calor"

"dolor"

The six steps of acute inflammation take place ___

What best summarizes step one of the inflammatory response?

PAMPs and DAMPs from the inflammatory stimulus are recognized by PRRs is part of which step of acute inflammation?

Activated macrophages release inflammatory mediators to trigger the AIR.

What kind of cells recognize PAMPs and DAMPs?

Which of the following are "sentinel cells"?

What mediates the trigger for activated macrophages to release inflammatory mediators to trigger the AIR?

The release of inflammatory mediators by macrophages is cytokine mediated.

What cytokines increase vascular permeability?

Which cytokine triggers the acute phase 2 response?

Released to draw neutrophils to the site of infected or damaged area.

Less ordered form of cell death that leads to the release of cellular contents.

When cells are stimulated by mechanical, chemical, or physical stimuli, arachidonic acid is rapidly converted into ____ and _____

NSAIDS will inhibit the production of which one?

Released by mast cells/basophils, platelets and increases capillary permeability

Released by platelets and cause vasoconstriction.

Which of the following will NOT produce vascular permeability?

Which of the following will vasodialate AND induce pain?

What is the vascular response to inflammation?

Vascular response to inflammation is triggered by

Inflammatory mediator release causes vascular changes and increased fluid leakage.

Ultrafiltrate of plasma, low protein content, result of hydrostatic or osmotic imbalance.

Result of inflammation, increased leukocytes, increased vascular permeability, high protein content

Result of inflammation

Result of hydrostatic or osmotic imbalance

High protein content

low protein content

Transudate and exudate leads to edema.

In edema, Leakage is restricted to venules of 20-60 mm in diameter.

Leakage for edema is caused by endothelial gaps.

Edema is usually and ___ and transient response.

Gaps in venules occur due to shortening and contraction of individual endothelial cells.

Loss of protein from plasma will lead to REDUCED osmotic pressure in the ____

Loss of protein in plasma leads to INCREASED osmotic pressure in the ____

A critical function of the vascular inflammatory response is to

First inflammatory cells recruited to the site of inflammation

Extravasation of leukocytes is a coordinated even of ____

During leukocyte migration, blood flow ____

MAcrophages release ____ to facilitate movement through the basement membrane.

In order for leukocytes to leave the vessel lumen, endothelial cells need to be activated which upregulates ______.

Adhesion molecules on endothelial cells interact with complementary adhesion molecules on leukocytes.

Upregulation of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells is induced by ___, ___, and ____.

TNF-a, IL-1, and histamine to upregulate adhesion molecules is produced by ____

What are the 4 families of adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte migration?

What are the weaker affinity interactions that are needed for rolling adhesion?

Higher affinity interactions that are needed for tight binding?

What is the stronger high affinity interaction?

Which is the weakest weaker affinity interactions?

sialyated lewis X and Heparin sulfate

ICAM-intercellular adhesion molecule and VCAM-vascular adhesion molecule

LFA-1 and VLA-4

During rolling adhesion, ____ and ____ mediate the interact between leukocytes and the endothelium.

Sialyated-Lewis X binds with

L-selectin

Brings the leukocyte closer to the endothelial lining

Bringing the leukocyte closer to the endothelial lining is which part of leukocyte migration?

Endothelial cells are activated by cytokines and inflammatory mediators during which part of leukocyte migration?

What gets secreted by activated endothelial cells during inflammation?

Chemokines bind to receptors on leukocytes and increase integrin expression during which part of leukocyte migration?

cell adhesion molecules expressed on leukocytes that bind to ICAM or VCAM on endothelial cells

In tight adhesion, LFA-1 binds to ___

In tight adhesions, VLA-4 binds to ___

Which cytokines upregulate ICAM on endothelial cells?

Strong adhesion that arrests the leukocyte.

when the leukocyte migrates through endothelial junctions

Which cytokine serves as a chemoattractant for neutrophils?

break up basement membrane collagen so the neutrophils can move through the tissue

What releases MMPs?

Which is an EXOGENOUS stimuli that can act as a chemoattractant for leuocytes?

Which is an ENDOGENOUS stimulil that can act as a chemoattractant for leukotrienes?

C5a, C3a, and C4a are all ____

IL8 is a ___

differentiate into macrophages in the tissue

release cytokines and chemokines and increase their phagocytic activity

Release granules that contain antimicrobial oxygen radicals

Release histamines, leukotrienes, and cytokines

Release granules that act as cytotoxic proteins

Which leukocyte shows up to the injured tissue first?

Kills pathogens through oxygen radicals

Forms pus upon death

What facilitates attachment of a pathogen to a macrophage?

Macrophages can only phagocytize dead neutrophils and NOT the pathogen itself.

complement proteins and antibodies that coat a pathogen and help macrophages phagcytize them.

Select all of the ways acute inflammation is terminated.

which of the following are ANTI-INFLAMMATORY cytokines?

Which of the following are PRO-INFLAMMATORY cytokines?

During acute inflammation resolution, macrophages release growth factors that repair the collagen that was degraded by MMPs.

What is the term when connective tissue replaces damaged tissue?