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2. Research Methods

Total questions: 87

Worksheet time: 44mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

  1. An investigation looking for a causal relationship in which an IV is manipulated and is expected to be responsible for changes in the DV.

a)

  1. Experiment

b)

  1. Laboratory Experiment

c)

  1. Field Experiment

2.

  1. The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher. It takes place in a controlled setting. 

a)

  1. Experiment

b)

  1. Laboratory Experiment

c)

  1. Field Experiment

3.

  1. The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher. Takes place in a real-life setting. 

a)

  1. Experiment

b)

  1. Laboratory Experiment

c)

  1. Field Experiment

4.

  1. Participants give a degree of consent, but not necessarily informed. The right to withdraw is often given.

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

5.

  1. Procedures involve standardized instructions and procedures, giving consistency.

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

6.

  1. A high level of control allows cause and effect to be shown.

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

7.

  1. Artificial conditions (setting and task) can produce unnatural behavior, lowering ecological validity. 

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

8.

  1. Features of the environment may reveal the aim, leading participants to act in a way they feel the researcher wants them to (demand characteristics). 

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

9.

  1. There may be deception of the aim of the study to ensure validity.

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

10.

  1. Participants do not know they are taking part, so they are less likely to show demand characteristics.

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

11.

  1. There is high ecological validity as participants are in their everyday environment.

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

12.

  1. Participants often do not know they are taking part so this removes their right to withdraw and means debriefing is often impossible.

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

13.

  1. There is less control over extraneous variables, making research difficult to replicate.

a)

  1. Strength of Laboratory Experiment

b)

  1. Strength of Field Experiment

c)

  1. Weakness of Laboratory Experiment

d)

  1. Weakness of Field Experiment

14.

  1. Allow participants to respond to questions about their beliefs and opinion, and discuss their behaviors.

a)

  1. Self-report

b)

  1. Questionnaire

c)

  1. Interview

15.

  1. Participants answer written questions on paper or online, which can include both open and closed questions.

a)

  1. Self-report

b)

  1. Questionnaire

c)

  1. Interview

16.

  1. Researchers question participants face-to-face or over the telephone and can ask both open and closed questions. May be structured, semi-structured or unstructured.

a)

  1. Self-report

b)

  1. Questionnaire

c)

  1. Interview

17.

  1. Researchers can gather large amounts of data relatively quickly.

a)

  1. General Strength of Questionnaires

b)

  1. General Strength of Interviews

c)

  1. General Weakness of Questionnaires

d)

  1. General Weakness of Interviews

18.

  1. Participants may be less willing to elaborate on their answers when writing. 

a)

  1. General Strength of Questionnaires

b)

  1. General Strength of Interviews

c)

  1. General Weakness of Questionnaires

d)

  1. General Weakness of Interviews

19.

  1. May be high in validity if an observation is naturalistic and covert, as behavior should be natural.

a)

  1. General Strength of Questionnaires

b)

  1. General Strength of Interviews

c)

  1. General Weakness of Questionnaires

d)

  1. General Weakness of Interviews

20.

  1. May be low in validity as interpretation of behavior observed can be subjective.

a)

  1. General Strength of Questionnaires

b)

  1. General Strength of Interviews

c)

  1. General Weakness of Questionnaires

d)

  1. General Weakness of Interviews

21.

  1. Approaching face to face and asking them to complete there and then. 

a)

  1. Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Closed Questions Questionnaire

22.

  1.  Sending out email requests/online advertisements to complete online. 

a)

  1. Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Closed Questions Questionnaire

23.

  1. Participants can express their opinion freely without predetermined responses (e.g. questions that begin with Why/Describe).

a)

  1. Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Closed Questions Questionnaire

24.

  1. Offer predetermined answers for the participants to choose from (e.g. Do you doodle while carrying out tasks? Yes/No).

a)

  1. Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Closed Questions Questionnaire

25.

  1. Lower costs. 

a)

  1. Strength of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Strength of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Strength of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Strength of Closed Questions Questionnaire

26.

  1. Access to a large group and easily completed/returned. 

a)

  1. Strength of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Strength of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Strength of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Strength of Closed Questions Questionnaire

27.

  1. Data is qualitative so can give more insight. 

a)

  1. Strength of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Strength of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Strength of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Strength of Closed Questions Questionnaire

28.

  1. Participants can give different opinions, allowing researchers to understand the complexity of an issue. 

a)

  1. Strength of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Strength of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Strength of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Strength of Closed Questions Questionnaire

29.

  1. Data is Quantitative and can be analyzed (e.g. mean, median, range) and displayed visually (e.g. using a bar chart). 

a)

  1. Strength of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Strength of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Strength of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Strength of Closed Questions Questionnaire

30.

  1. Forced choice questions prevent participants from avoiding questions.

a)

  1. Strength of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Strength of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Strength of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Strength of Closed Questions Questionnaire

31.

  1. Limits the sample to those available at the time. 

a)

  1. Weakness of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Weakness of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Weakness of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Weakness of Closed Questions Questionnaire

32.

  1. Only targets those online.

a)

  1. Weakness of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Weakness of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Weakness of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Weakness of Closed Questions Questionnaire

33.

  1. Data is harder to analyze. 

a)

  1. Weakness of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Weakness of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Weakness of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Weakness of Closed Questions Questionnaire

34.

  1. Data may be open to interpretation. 

a)

  1. Weakness of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Weakness of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Weakness of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Weakness of Closed Questions Questionnaire

35.

  1. A limited choice of categories can reduce validity. 

a)

  1. Weakness of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Weakness of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Weakness of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Weakness of Closed Questions Questionnaire

36.

  1. Participants may not be able to freely express their opinions.

a)

  1. Weakness of Paper and Pencil Questionnaire

b)

  1. Weakness of Online Questionnaire

c)

  1. Weakness of Open Questions Questionnaire

d)

  1. Weakness of Closed Questions Questionnaire

37.

  1. Fixed questions are pre-prepared and every participant receives the same questions in the same order.

a)

  1. Structured Interview

b)

  1. Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Face-to-Face Interview

38.

  1. There is no pre-preparation. Questions are asked depending on the direction in which the discussion goes.

a)

  1. Structured Interview

b)

  1. Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Face-to-Face Interview

39.

  1. Some structured questions and some unstructured questions. 

a)

  1. Structured Interview

b)

  1. Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Face-to-Face Interview

40.

  1.  Conducted over the telephone with the researcher reading out questions and the participant speaking their answers. 

a)

  1. Structured Interview

b)

  1. Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Face-to-Face Interview

41.

  1. The interviewer and the participant are present in the same room, with the interviewer reading out questions and the participant responding verbally.

a)

  1. Structured Interview

b)

  1. Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Face-to-Face Interview

42.

  1. Standardized as all participants receive the same questions, increasing reliability. 

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Strength of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Strength of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Strength of Face-to-Face Interview

43.

  1. Allow researchers to gain an insight into the area they are researching. 

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Strength of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Strength of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Strength of Face-to-Face Interview

44.

  1. Allow researchers to gain insight into the area. 

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Strength of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Strength of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Strength of Face-to-Face Interview

45.

  1. There tends  to be a better response rate when a telephone interview is used compared to a face-to-face interview when the focus is on socially sensitive or personal thoughts and behaviors.

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Strength of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Strength of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Strength of Face-to-Face Interview

46.

  1. This type of interview makes it easier for respondents to clarify any of their answers or ask for clarification of any questions being asked. This should improve validity.

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Strength of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Strength of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Strength of Face-to-Face Interview

47.

  1. Do not allow participants to elaborate on interesting questions. 

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Weakness of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Weakness of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Weakness of Face-to-Face Interview

48.

  1. There is more risk of researcher bias. 

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Weakness of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Weakness of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Weakness of Face-to-Face Interview

49.

  1. At most risk of researcher bias.

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Weakness of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Weakness of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Weakness of Face-to-Face Interview

50.

  1. People are actually less likely to report unhealthy behaviors in a telephone interview compared to a face-to-face interview. 

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Weakness of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Weakness of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Weakness of Face-to-Face Interview

51.

  1. Reporting of socially undesirable behaviors can also be less for a face-to-face interview due to potential embarrassment or fear of being judged by the interviewer.

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Interview

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Interview

c)

  1. Weakness of Semi-Structured Interview

d)

  1. Weakness of Telephone Interview

e)

  1. Weakness of Face-to-Face Interview

52.

  1. Researchers watch people’s behavior and record it.

a)

  1. Observations

b)

  1. Overt Observations

c)

  1. Covert Observations

d)

  1. Participant Observations

e)

  1. Non-Participant Observations

53.

  1. When the participants know they are being observed.

a)

  1. Observations

b)

  1. Overt Observations

c)

  1. Covert Observations

d)

  1. Participant Observations

e)

  1. Non-Participant Observations

54.

  1. When the participants do not know they are being observed. 

a)

  1. Observations

b)

  1. Overt Observations

c)

  1. Covert Observations

d)

  1. Participant Observations

e)

  1. Non-Participant Observations

55.

  1. When the observer becomes part of the community (or group of people) they wish to observe (can be overt or covert).

a)

  1. Observations

b)

  1. Overt Observations

c)

  1. Covert Observations

d)

  1. Participant Observations

e)

  1. Non-Participant Observations

56.

  1. When the observer is not a part of the group and they observe from a distance (can also be overt or covert).

a)

  1. Observations

b)

  1. Overt Observations

c)

  1. Covert Observations

d)

  1. Participant Observations

e)

  1. Non-Participant Observations

57.

  1. May be high in validity if an observation is naturalistic and covert, as behaviors should be natural.

a)

  1. General Strength of Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Strength of Non-Participant Observations

58.

  1. More ethical as participants know they are being observed.

a)

  1. General Strength of Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Strength of Non-Participant Observations

59.

  1. Avoid demand characteristics as participants do not know they are being observed.

a)

  1. General Strength of Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Strength of Non-Participant Observations

60.

  1. May gain a greater understanding of the participants’ behavior as they are involved in the situation.

a)

  1. General Strength of Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Strength of Non-Participant Observations

61.

  1. More likely to be objective as they are not personally involved in the situation.

a)

  1. General Strength of Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Strength of Non-Participant Observations

62.

  1. May be low in validity as interpretation of behavior observed can be subjective.

a)

  1. General Weakness of Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Weakness of Non-Participant Observations

63.

  1. May produce demand characteristics as participants know they are being watched so may act unnaturally.

a)

  1. General Weakness of Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Weakness of Non-Participant Observations

64.

  1. Less ethical as participants do not know they are being observed and cannot withdraw.

a)

  1. General Weakness of Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Weakness of Non-Participant Observations

65.

  1. May become too involved with those they are observing and become less objective.

a)

  1. General Weakness of Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Weakness of Non-Participant Observations

66.

  1. May miss behaviors as they are observing from a distance.

a)

  1. General Weakness of Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Overt Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Covert Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Participant Observations

e)

  1. Weakness of Non-Participant Observations

67.

  1. Have behavioral checklists in place before beginning the observation. A tally is kept of behaviors. Researchers plan what will be observed.

a)

  1. Structured Observations

b)

  1. Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Controlled Observations

68.

  1. Do not include planning before the observation and the observer records behavior that is relevant to the aim of the research as it occurs.

a)

  1. Structured Observations

b)

  1. Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Controlled Observations

69.

  1. Conducted in a real-life setting.

a)

  1. Structured Observations

b)

  1. Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Controlled Observations

70.

  1. Conducted in a laboratory-setting.

a)

  1. Structured Observations

b)

  1. Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Controlled Observations

71.

  1. More reliable than unstructured one as the behaviors are decided in advance and operationalized. Inter-rater reliability can be assessed.

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Controlled Observations

72.

  1. Can be part of a pilot study, giving an overview of the range of behaviors. 

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Controlled Observations

73.

  1. Record behavior that is likely to be normal, increasing ecological validity.

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Controlled Observations

74.

  1. Can be replicated by others when using the same behavior schedule.

a)

  1. Strength of Structured Observations

b)

  1. Strength of Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Strength of Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Strength of Controlled Observations

75.

  1. May not include all relevant actions within the behavioral categories.

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Controlled Observations

76.

  1. It can be difficult to record all behaviors.

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Controlled Observations

77.

  1. Harder to control for extraneous variables that may affect participants’ behavior, lowering the validity.

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Controlled Observations

78.

  1. May be less natural if participants are aware of the controlled setting.

a)

  1. Weakness of Structured Observations

b)

  1. Weakness of Unstructured Observations

c)

  1. Weakness of Naturalistic Observations

d)

  1. Weakness of Controlled Observations

79.

  1. Researchers look for a relationship between two co-variables.

a)

  1. Correlations

b)

  1. Case Study

c)

  1. Longitudinal Study

80.

  1. In-depth investigations into individuals or small groups of people. Data gathered using a variety of data collection methods and triangulated.

a)

  1. Correlations

b)

  1. Case Study

c)

  1. Longitudinal Study

81.

  1.  Researchers follow the same group of individuals over a period of time. This could be from several months to many years. 

a)

  1. Correlations

b)

  1. Case Study

c)

  1. Longitudinal Study

82.

  1. Allow researchers to investigate areas where it would be unethical or impractical to manipulate variables.

a)

  1. Strength of Correlations

b)

  1. Strength of Case Study

c)

  1. Strength of Longitudinal Study

83.

  1. Can give a unique insight into an individual who may have experienced unusual or difficult circumstances.

a)

  1. Strength of Correlations

b)

  1. Strength of Case Study

c)

  1. Strength of Longitudinal Study

84.

  1. Allows researchers to see how people change and develop in their thinking or behavior over time.

a)

  1. Strength of Correlations

b)

  1. Strength of Case Study

c)

  1. Strength of Longitudinal Study

85.

  1. It is not possible to determine cause and effect, only that two variables are related.

a)

  1. Weakness of Correlations

b)

  1. Weakness of Case Study

c)

  1. Weakness of Longitudinal Study

86.

  1. Findings cannot be generalized because one person or a small group of people is unlikely to be representative.

a)

  1. Weakness of Correlations

b)

  1. Weakness of Case Study

c)

  1. Weakness of Longitudinal Study

87.

  1. If the timescale may drop out, affecting the validity of the data.

a)

  1. Weakness of Correlations

b)

  1. Weakness of Case Study

c)

  1. Weakness of Longitudinal Study

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