A prolific historian, sociologist, philosopher

of technology, and longtime architecture

critic for the New Yorker.

Protection and The Medieval

Medieval age commonly depicted as

impoverished, brutal, and ignorant.

Protection and The Medieval

Alongside progress, heightened

insecurity emerged.

Protection and The Medieval

Urban progress centered on

monasteries rather than isolated markets.

Protection and The Medieval

The church held significant

universal importance.

Protection and The Medieval

Human beings are often seen as social

creatures, needing companionship for

survival.

The members of the guild would hold

meetings and discuss the organizing

and controlling of the town as a

whole.

Protection and The Medieval

Medieval family included blood relatives

and industrial workers.

Protection and The Medieval

Urban growth brought sanitation

issues.

Protection and The Medieval

Medieval towns shared layouts with

villages: street, crossroads, and

circular variations.

Court, Parade and Capital

The period between the 15th and 18th centuries

witnessed the emergence of new cultural traits

influenced by mercantilism.

Court, Parade and Capital

In the Middle Ages, Western Europe saw a power

struggle between royal and municipal forces.

Some cities gave up internal freedom to gain

dominance over neighbors.

Court, Parade and Capital

The ascent of despotism was influenced by

the advent of gunpowder.

Court, Parade and Capital

During the Middle Ages, soldiers shared

power with craftsmen, merchants, and

priests.

Court, Parade and Capital

Expanding state boundaries meant more

taxable people; capital city population

growth raised rents.

Court, Parade and Capital

The Baroque city's crucial symbol is the avenue.

In the 16th century, carts and wagons

became more common in cities, marking

a shift.

"Military streets"

Court, Parade and Capital

Open-air shops dwindled as glass-

windowed shops emerged.

Court, Parade and Capital

The count of churches increased during

the medieval era.

Court, Parade and Capital

Alterations in household constitution

were apparent in multiple forms.

Privacy was viewed as a luxury.

Court, Parade and Capital

Overpopulation led to increased land

prices and subsequent poverty.

Overdevelopment and crowded housing

contributed to sanitation issues.

Ironically, slum properties generated

higher returns than investments.

The Insensate Industrial Town

Mechanization era severed vital social

ties, disrupting the social fabric.

The Insensate Industrial Town

Predominant city influences: bankers,

industrialists, mechanical inventors; they

shaped both positive and negative

aspects.Labor class faced significant insecurity,

with open markets for labor and goods

and reliance on foreign raw materials.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

The metropolis signifies accumulation and

activity.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

Transportation advancements enabled

constant inflow of raw materials and food to

cities.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

Urban growth mirrors amoeboid motion,

signifying gradual expansion.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

Embraces adaptability and incremental growth,

allowing neighborhoods to evolve naturally

in response to changing needs and

demographics.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

Former green land occupied by low

economic groups.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

Urban agglomeration leads to depletion of

natural environment.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

Paper becomes essential in

metropolitan life.

Major metropolis activities linked to

paper, including printing and

packaging industries.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

Focus on external sources of

happiness rather than self.

Emergence of entertainment forms

like boxing, wrestling, bicycle races,

and dance marathons.

Rise and Fall of Megalopolis

Metropolis faces economic

weakening due to growth and

heightened expenses, leading to

bankruptcy risk.