is the type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded.

(a)  

are surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.These surveys employ principles of geodesy, are of high precision, and the related calculations involve the solving of equations derived from advanced mathematics particularly spherical trigonometry,calculus, and some applications of theory of least squares.

(a)  

are usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners, annd areas.These surveys are also made to fix the boundaries of municipalities,towns and provincial jurisdictions.

(a)  

are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements,locating property lines, fixing reference monuments,determining the physical features and configuration of the land, amd preparing maps.

(a)  

these are surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades,reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders.

(a)  

a type of survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.

(a)  

refer to surveying stream,lakes,reservoirs,harbor,oceans, and other bodies of water.These surveys are made to map shore lines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.

(a)  

sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, laying-out and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.

(a)  

are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine sturctures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations,to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.

(a)  

a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from the airplanes or ground stations.Measurements are obtained from the photographs which are used in conjunction with limited ground surveys.

(a)  

involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning , design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.

(a)  

the person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision and operational control of the survey party.He is also responsible for its logistical and technical requirements, and problems of a field survey operation.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task assigned to the survey party. He takes over the duties of the chief party during the absence of the chief.He is primarily responsible for the employment of surveying equipment, instruments, and accessories used in the survey operation.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to set up, level and operate surveying instruments such as the transit, engineer's level, theodolite,sextant,plane table and alidade, and etc. He sees to it that instruments to be used in a survey operation are in good working condition and in proper adjustment.

(a)  

the person who is responsible for the use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work operation. It is his duty to see to it that these equipments are functioning properly, are regularly calibrated and are in proper adjustment.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to perform all computations of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a fieldwork operation.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to keep a record of all sketches, drawings, measurements, and observations taken or needed for a fieldwork operation.He keeps table of schedules of all phases of work and the employment of the members of the survey party.

(a)  

the person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape. He determines and directs the marking of stations to be occipied by the surveying instruments and directs the clearing out of obstructions along the line of sight. He inspects and compares tapes for standard length prior to their use in taping operations and is responsible for eliminating or reducing possible errors and mistakes in taping.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to assist the head tapemen during taping operations and in other related work.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or range pole at selected points as directed by the instrumentman.He helps the tapeman in making measurements and assists the axeman in cutting down branches and clearing other obstructions to the line of sight.

(a)  

the person whose primary duty is to hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by the tapeman. He assists the tapeman in seeing to it that mistakes and blunders in linear measurements are either reduced or eliminated.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to clear the line of sight of trees, brush, and other obstructions in wooded country. He is also responsible for the security and safety of the members of the survey party at the survey site.

(a)  

the person whose duty is to render first air treatment to members of the survey party who are involved in snake and insect bites, accidents, and other cased involving their health, safety and well being.

(a)  

the person whose duties are to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party or as directed by the chief of party. Where a survey vehicle is used, autilityman is designated as driver. If the survey party has to camp out for days in the field, utilitymen are responsible for setting up the camp site and its required facilities. They prepare and serve meals and also look after the security of the camp site.

(a)  

is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity. It is a deviation of an observation or a calculation from the true value and is often beyond the control of the one performing the operation.

(a)  

are inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgement, improper execution, misunderstanding of the problem, inexperience, or indifference of the surveyor.

(a)  

a large mistake is referred to as (a)   .

This type of error is one which will always have the same sign and magnitude as long as field conditions remain constant and unchanged. It also reffered to as CUMULATIVE ERROR.

(a)  

These errors are purely accidental in character. The occurence of such errors are matters of chance as they are likely to be positive or negative in, and may tend in part to compensate or average out according to laws of probability.

(a)  

These errors are due to imperfections in the instruments used, either from faults in their construction or from improper adjustments between the different parts prior to their use. Surveying instruments, just like any other instrument, are never perfect; proper corrections and field methods are applied to bring the measurements within certain allowable limits of precision.

(a)  

These errors arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.This type of fallibility differs from on individual to another and may vary due to certain circumstances existing during measurements.

(a)  

These errors are caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as changed in magnetic declination, temperature, humidity, wind, refraction, gravity, and curvature of the earth. It is beyond the control of man.

(a)  

indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute of true value of the quantity measured. It implies the closenesss between related measurements and their expectations.

(a)  

refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any physical measurement is made. It is portrayed by the closeness to one another of a set of repeated measurements of a quantity. Thus, if a set of observations is closely clustered together.

(a)  

is defined as the number of times something will probably occur over the range of possible occurences.

(a)  

is the ratio of the error to the measured quantity. It is used to define the degree of refinement obtained.

(a)  

The accurate determination of the distance between two points on any surface is one of the basic operations of plane surveying.

(a)  

consists of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance.

(a)  

is defined as the length of a step in walking.

(a)  

is equivalent to two paces or double step.

(a)  

To pace a distance it is necessary to first determine the length of one's pace. This is reffered to as the (a)   .

is probably the most common method of measuring or laying out horizontal distances.

(a)  

another procedure of obtaining horizontal distances.

(a)  

used to determine subtended intervals and angle on a graduated rod or scale from which distances are computed by trigonometry.

(a)  

This method provides a rapid means of determining horizontal distances.

(a)  

It was introduced in 1771 by (a)   of Scotland.

The equipment for stadia measurements consists of a telescope with two horizontal hairs called ______, and graduated rod called _______

(a)  

is a convenient and practical device used for quick and accurate measurement of horizontal distance.

(a)  

is a simple device that can be attached to a wheel for the purposes of roughly measuring distances.

(a)  

is very similar in operation to an odometer except that it is more portable and self-contained measuring device.

(a)  

is usually hand-held or mounted on a small tripod, can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing.

(a)  

refers to the measurement of images on a photograph.

(a)  

it has provided a significant advance in surveying instrumentation and techniques.

(a)