Study of the Earth

(a)  

resistance of a mineral surface to scratching

(a)  

Study of oceans in all its aspects and relationships

(a)  

Study of the atmosphere and the processes that produce weather and climate

(a)  

Study of the universe

(a)  

Processes that operate on and below the Earth's surface

(a)  

Origin of the Earth and it's evolution

(a)  

Aristotle and other Greek Philosophers wrote about fossils,gems,earthquakes and volcanoes

(a)  

James Ussher constructed a chronology of human and Earth history

(a)  

Earth created in (a)  

Catastrophism

(a)  

Uniformitarianism proposed by

(a)  

Sphere of air surrounding the Earth

(a)  

Sphere of water that covers 70% of the Earth

(a)  

Sphere of living things on Earth

(a)  

Sphere of rock that is the Earth

(a)  

Interdisciplianary approach that aims to study the Earth as a system composed of numerous interacting parts or subsystems

(a)  

Any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole

(a)  

describes temperature, precipitation,cloud cover, and winds at a particular location and time

(a)  

Measures of how variable the weather has been over many years of observation

(a)  

Driven by the earth's internal heat occurs is a result from the interactions within the Earth's interior

(a)  

This is the rigid outermost shell of Earth. It consists of the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle

(a)  

his is a semi-fluid layer beneath the lithosphere. It lies in the upper mantle, and it is hotter and more ductile than the overlying lithosphere.

(a)  

is the region of Earth's mantle that lies beneath the asthenosphere

(a)  

This is the liquid layer beneath the Earth's mantle and above the inner core

(a)  

This is the solid, innermost layer of Earth. It is composed mostly of iron and nickel,

(a)  

involves interactions that produce a magnetic field deep inside the Earth in its liquid outer core.

(a)  

involves interactions among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere,cyrosphere,and lithosphere

(a)  

involves interactions among the lithosphere,asthenosphere, and deep mantle

(a)  

vibrations generated during an earthquake

(a)  

seismeic velocity:

(a)  

abrupt velocity changes and bending of waves.May be due to compositional changes and/ or phase change

(a)  

Based on studying the velocity of seismic waves that pass through the Earth

(a)  

Based on studying rock rheology(the response of rock to stress)

(a)  

outermost layer of the earth

(a)  

seismic discontinuity between crust and mantle

(a)  

it consist of very hot and solid rock (rich in MgO and FeO)

(a)  

resistance to bending of flexure of a material

(a)  

Process in which mantle convection pushes and pulls continents resulting in the generations of new oceanic crust

(a)  

Oceaning spreading centers, Continental rifting

(a)  

rising of hot matter in one area within the mantle, sinking of colder material in another

(a)  

isolated volcanoes with a fixed heat source position not related to plate boundary movement

(a)  

form between atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

(a)  

occur between atoms of metallic elements.

(a)  

form when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.

(a)  

minerals or other solids with a definite chemical composition and external shape bounded by smooth plane surfaces

(a)  

(a)   approved minerals by IMACNCMNC as of may 2021

how many common minerals?

(a)  

how many rock forming minerals?

(a)  

sites where additional particles are deposited as the crystal grows

(a)  

crystal enlarges due to additional molecules or ions

(a)  

from magma

(a)  

from hot fluids

(a)  

from higher P-T

(a)  

from evaporation

(a)  

from weathering or organisms

(a)  

Forms minerals by weathering or biological processes through chemical alteration or concentration

(a)  

Unstable minerals exposed to surface conditions form new minerals

(a)  

human

(a)  

combination of wavelengths of light incident on the mineral's surface which reaches the observer's eyes

(a)  

color of mineral in powedered form

(a)  

describes the general shape of a crystal

(a)  

general appearance of a mineral surface in reflected light

(a)  

tendency of mineral to break or split easily in certain well defined directions

(a)  

surface of a mineral when it does not break along cleavage planes

(a)  

mechanical stress cause minerals to acquire an electric charge

(a)  

ratio between the density of an object and a reference substance ( usually water)

(a)