Spatial and a concern of the interactions between humans and the physical enveronment

the arrangement of the phenomena being studied across the surface of the earth

the courses big idea,four-level analysis, and five skill categories

Physical geography is the study of the spatial characteristics of various elements of the physical environment

Physical geographers study topics such as land forms, bodies of water,climate,ecosystems, and erosion

Human geography is the study of spatial characteristics of humans and human activities

Human geographers study topics such as population,culture,poltics,urban area, and economics

guide your thinking,provide an approach to spatial thinking, and help you think like a geographer 

looking at a map, chart, graph,data, table ,landscape, or an image such as Earth at night 

what, where,when,scale,source

are there patterns in the  source, the source could be a map,chart,graph,ect.there could be multiple patterns 

pick a pattern from the source and explain: why did this pattern occur there ? or how did this pattern occur. You will use the content of the course to help answer these questions

what will be the impact on the economy, society, politics,or the enveronment? Or what if the pattern contuies into the future? Describe the impact or effects and make predictions

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not this one

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Comperinsion L1-

Identification L2-

Explation L3-

Prediction L4-

 concepts and processes

This skill contains a large amount of the content of the course and is the most tested skil on the exam

 are key vocabulary, ideas, and building blocks that geographers use to describe our world

involve a series of steps or actions that explain why or how geographic  patterns occur

this skill involves understanding and applying geographic models.

reality or theories about reality to help geographers see general spatial patterns,focus on the influence of specific factors, and understand variations from place to place.

spatial and non spatial 

look like stylized maps, and they illustrate theories about spatial distributions. Spatial models have been developed for agricultural and urban land use, distribution of cities,and store or factory location

illustrate theories and concepts using words,graphs,or tables. They often depict changes over time rather than across space  with more accuracy than spatial models

can be both spatial and no spatial. Geographers use mathematical formulas to help understand how the world works, like those that determine crude birth rate and death rate 

you will need to describe,explain,and compare, concepts,process,models,and theories.

refer to the general arrangement of things being studied.

are a set of interconnected entities,sometimes called nodes.

Analyze and interpretation quantitative geographic data represented in maps,tables,charts,graphs,satellite images,and infographics.

is any info that can be measured and recorded using numbers such as total number of immigrants to a city

is quantitative and spatial. It has a geographic location component to it such as a country, city, zip code, latitude, longitude, or address and is often used with geographic information systems because it lends itself to analysis using formulas and is mappable.

data is collected as interviews , photographs,remote satellite images,descriptions, or cartoons

they are designed for people to refer to for general information about places.

human-created boundaries and designations, such as countries, states, cities, and capitals.

natural features, such as mountains, rivers, and deserts.

property lines and details of land ownership,

spatial aspects of information or of a phenomenon Following are descriptions of four common types of thematic maps.

various colors, shades of one color, or patterns to show the location and distribution of spatial data.

rates or other quantitative data in defined areas, such as the percentage of people who speak English.

the specific location and

distribution of something across a map.

symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something.

isometric maps,

lines that connect points of equal value to depict variations in the data across space.

topographic maps, which are popular among hikers.

the sizes of countries or whatever are shown according to some specific statistic

ratio between the size of things in the real world and the size of those same things on the map.

cartographic scale, geographic scale and the scale of the data represented on the map.

the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents

a larger amount of area with less detail — global scale Earth at night is an example.

a smaller amount of area with a greater amount of detail- North America at night is an example.

to the general arrangement of phenomena on a map.

in a variety of ways utilizing important geographic tools and concepts including location, direction, distance, elevation, or distribution pattern.

down and up

absolute or relative.

right or keft

up and up

precise spot where something is according to a system.

distance north or south of the equator, an imaginary line that circles the globe exactly halfway between the North and South Poles.

0 degrees and the poles as 90 degrees north and 90 degrees south.

east or west of the prime meridian, an imaginary line that runs from pole to pole through Greenwich, England.

180 degrees longitude.

where something is in relation to other things.

connectivity, how well two locations are tied together by roads or other links, and accessibility, how quickly and easily people in one location can interact with people in another location.

change over time and as accessibility changes.

Mercater

A regular one

Robison

Circle

how far or how near things are to one another.

terms of feet, miles, meters of kilometers.

distance of features above sea level, usually measured in feet or meters.

distribution, the way a phenomenon is spread out over an area (L2).

a description of the pattern of where specific phenomenon are located.

Clustered or agglomerated,Linear,Dispersed, Circular,Geometric, Random

arranged in a group or concentrated area such as restaurants in a food court at a mall or the clustering of cities along the border of the United States and Mexico.

straight line, such as the distribution of towns along a railroad line.

spread out over a large area, such as the distribution of large malls in a city.

equally spaced from a central point, forming a circle, such as the distribution of the homes of people who shop at a particular store.

in a regular arrangement, such as the squares or blocks formed by roads in the Midwest.

have no order to their position, such as the distribution of pet owners in a city.

distort some aspect of reality.

done using a map projection.

they want to preserve area, shape, distance, or direction on their map accurately, knowing that other elements will have to be less accurate as the earth is "flattened" on their map.

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for navigation because the lines of directions are straight and easy to follow.

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appear larger than reality as you move north or south from the equator.

by the political and economic bias of power, wealth, and superiority that can be subconsciously reinforced by using an incorrect projection.

strengths and weaknesses.

Purpose,Navigation

Strength,deriction are shown

accurately,Lines of latitude and longitude meet at night angles

Weakness,Distance between lines of longitude appears constant,Land masses near the poles appear large.

Purpose,General use

Strength,No major distortion,Oval shape appears more like a globe than does a rectangle

Weakness,Area, shape, size, and direction are all slightly distorted

Robson

Mercater

Peters

Conic

Peters

Robsion

Conic

Mercator

Conic

Mercator

Robson

Peters

being part of a geospatial revolution because they gather data through technical mapping and via satellites or aerial photos.

visiting places, interviewing people, or observing events in the field.

patterns within the data will influence real-life individual choices and policy decisions.

landscape analysis.

careful observation.

used to refer to the act of physically visiting a location, place, or region and recording, firsthand, information there.

increased the ways in which geographers can obtain spatial data including remote sensing and aerial source

information from satellites that orbit the earth or other craft above the atmosphere.

professional images captured from planes within the atmosphere, is an important source of observed data available today.

replaced sketching as a tool for capturing information about landscapes.

the way geographers observe a landscape.

quantitative or qualitative and may be gathered by organizations or individuals.

all information that can be tied to a specific place.

doing fieldwork, or observing and recording information on location, or in the field.

a census of the population, from interviews, or even from informal observations made by geographers.

. government policy documents such as treaties or agreements, articles and videos from news media outlets, or photos of an area.

geospatial data embedded into the image that can be mapped in interactive online maps sites.

large quantities of information can now be rapidly gathered and stored.

into amazing 2D or even 3D interactive maps, or geovisualizations, that allow people to zoom in or out to see the data in ways that were previously impossible.

GPS receivers on the earth's

surface use the locations of multiple satellites to determine and record a receiver's exact location

Locating borders precisely, Navigating ships, aircraft, and cars, Mapping lines (trails) or points (fire hydrants)

The use of cameras or other Sensing sensors mounted on aircraft or satellites to collect digital images or video of the earth's surface, uses-Determining land cover

•Monitoring environmental changes

• Assessing spread of spatial

phenomena

• Monitoring the weather

Computer system that can

Information store, analyze, and display information from multiple digital maps or geospatial data sets,

-Analyzing of crime data

• Monitoring the effects of pollution

• Analyzing transportation/travel time

• Planning urban area

arrangement of the phenomena being

studied across the surface of the earth This approach focuses on things such as location, distance, direction, orientation, flow, pattern, and interconnection.

space to understand place.

……where specific phenomena are located either on a grid system or relative to another location.

essential to define the amount of space and relative or absolute distance between locations, Additionally, geographers use the concepts of place, site, and situation to further develop an understanding of a specific

the specific human and physical characteristics of a location.

its site and situation.

the characteristics at the immediate location-for example, the soil type, climate, labor force, and human structures.

refers to thelocation of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places.

placelessness.

place names

the physical geography, the history, or the culture of the location.

shrinking "time-distance, or relative distance, between locations because of improved methods of transportation and communication.

refers to the contact, movement, and flow of things between locations.

the patterns and movement of ideas, people, products, and other phenomena.

that when things are farther apart, they tend to be less connected.

changing.

refer to the general arrangement of things being studied, and geographers must be able to describe patterns accurately and with precision.

the concept of distribution, the way a phenomenon is spread out or arranged over an area to describe patterns.

spatial association and indicates that two (or more) phenomena may be related or associated with one another.

items that occur in the natural environment that people can use. Examples usually include air, water, oil, fish, soil, and minerals.

either renewable or non-renewable resources.

are unlimited and will not be depleted based on use by people

limited and can be exhausted by human uses.

overarching theme of human geography and relates to trying to use resources now in ways that allow their use in the future while minimizing negative impacts on the environment.

solve problems stemming from natural resource depletion, mass consumption, the effects of pollution, and the impact of climate change.