This research focuses on understanding and explaining a specific phenomenon. This research is descriptive in nature, usually answering the questions of what, why, and how.

This research places emphasis on looking for possible solutions to human and societal problems, being prescriptive in nature as it focuses on how questions.

This type of research studies the processes and outcomes of a solution aimed at a specific problem.

This type of research tries to solve problems within a program, organization, or community.

A system is followed in research writing. This means that the steps in writing research must start from the most basic step and then moves forward to the more complex steps.

The evidence cited in the research should be supported by verified studies and multiple literatures.

The researcher should properly explain the research variables. A variety of supporting literature and studies explaining the variables should be presented to provide background on the context of the research.

Good research follows the ethics of research. Government agencies, professional organizations, and universities have established norms or standards when it comes to conducting research.

Good research should be derived from a particular context, trend, and gap. This means research should fall under a specific area or field of study, being applicable to the problems in the said field.

This must be maintained in all communications. Data should never be fabricated.

Biases should be avoided.

Consistency of thought and action is the foundation of the credibility of any research work. Promises and agreements should be kept and all actions should be made with a sincere purpose.

Careless errors and negligence should be avoided. Your work and the works of your peers should be critically examined.

The researcher should be open to criticisms and new ideas. Research data, results, ideas, and resources should be shared with the public.

Proper acknowledgment should be given to all authors cited and sources used in your research. Patents and copyrights should be recognized.

Confidential communications or documents should be protected.

The study should be done with the purpose of advancing research and scholarship. Wasteful and duplicate publications should be avoided.

The research should seek to educate, mentor, and advise students.

All peers should be treated fairly.

Social good should be promoted and social harm should be avoided.

All those eligible to participate in research should be allowed to do so.

Professional competence and expertise should be maintained and improved with the research.

A researcher should know and obey relevant laws, and institutional and government policies.

Harm and risks to human lives should be minimized. Human dignity, privacy, and autonomy should be among the primary considerations of the research.

The participants must remain anonymous throughout the study even to the researchers themselves.

Participants must be assured that their identity and other personal information will not be made available to anyone who is not directly involved in the study.

Participants should be protected from physical, financial, or psychological harm. The principle of non-maleficence states that is the researcher’s duty to avoid, prevent, or minimize harm to the participants of the study.

Prospective research participants must be fully informed about the procedures and risks in the research. Their consent to participate must be secured

Any person should not be coerced to participate in any research undertaking.

Qualitative research that studies the meaning of lived experiences of individuals.

Research that studies a phenomenon within the context of a particular group of people.

A study that seeks to formulate theories based on the data gathered from the respondents.

An in-depth study of a phenomenon using a very limited number of individuals.

Research that study naturally occurring conversations to extract meaning.

Research that focuses on narratives (storytelling) as sources of data.

Research that studies past events.

This type of research that seeks to describe and understand phenomena as experienced by the respondents, giving them meaning based on the perspectives, preferences, attitudes, and attributes of the individuals, with the goal of gaining insight into the phenomena under investigation. It focuses on explaining thoughts, perspectives, and behaviors deeply.

This research deals with the analysis of a given phenomenon. It analyzes attitudes, behaviors, ideas, relationships, and/or attributes using statistical tools. This type of study focuses on converting perspectives, thoughts, and behaviors into statistical data. Whereas qualitative research generates hypotheses, this research paradigm tests hypotheses.

Due to being subjective in nature which places emphasis on the opinions and preferences of the respondents, this research paradigm can provide more flexibility and freedom in exploring and explaining unclear situations, conditions, or knowledge.

Qualitative research provides richer data in terms of actual experiences. This is because the data gathered is usually from the personal experiences and context of the respondents as observed by the researcher.

The summarized description of the whole study.

A general area of interest that you would like to pursue in your research.

the purpose of the study

place where the study will be conducted

individual or group of people that serves as the source of information during data collection

In choosing a research topic, the research topic should be based on individual perception and observation of the researcher. This is to ensure that the researcher is invested in finishing the study.

The research topic must fall under a particular path or circle of discipline. This helps define what areas are included and not included in the study.

The researchers must be capable to produce or generate possible subtopics to any given research topic. Research topics are not isolated from other subtopics (within the field) or discipline.

In selecting research topics, the researcher should also consider if studies and literature supporting the planned research are available. Through other studies and literature, the reasons and assumptions of the planned research are justified.

Despite being flexible and being connected to other fields, the research topic should be specific enough so as not to promote confusion about the factors to be included in the study.

the most general questions

the subdivision of the central question that specifies certain aspects of the problem to be studied

the main topic or problem that the research seeks to investigate

a composition that serves as an introduction to the research

formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained information from while writing your research paper

any information that has been used in the study for a particular purpose

the source material of references in the study

the study is a section of a research paper that explains what information or subject is being

analyzed

discusses why certain aspects of a subject were chosen and why others were excluded by the researcher

specifies the fundamental importance of a research in a particular purpose

specifies the target respondents and group of people that can benefit or acquire practical ideas and developmental insights in a certain study

kind of reading where an individual just recognizes and reads letters and numbers

reading literature in a quick manner by using a specific process

kind of reading where the researcher asks questions while reading

kind of reading where an individual compares one work to another

Once these references are found the researcher then reads each to try to gain insight and additional information on the research to be conducted.

Before a researcher can write a Review of Related Literature and Studies, the researcher must search for relevant references. Samples of sources for references are libraries, schools, and the internet.

The researcher should be systematic in searching for references. This means a proper way for finding and tracking relevant information should be established by the researcher.

This refers to the process of getting directly or indirectly, fully or partially, the ideas from a particular passage and/or person and incorporate it in a document, presentation and/or composition.

A way of restating ideas from an original source using the researchers’ own words but not altering the real content and context of the message conveyed.

It is commonly used for qualitative researches, specifically in conducting an interview by which the details from the source are highly adhered upon, that is why the answers as in “word by word” is emphasized and presented and no alterations had been done.

A form of summary by which a short explanation is added to support the ideas from the original source.

It is the way of shortening the text by presenting only the key points found in a particular document/text. However, explanation must not be included