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WorksheetsEcology Chapter 14
Total questions: 34
Worksheet time: 18mins
Many different types of parasites affect the (a) of host species
What is the ability of a host to prevent an infection from occurring
Infection resistance
What is the ability of a host to minimize the harm once an infection has occurred
Infection tolerance
The number of parasites a given species that an individual host can harbor
A parasite the lives on the outside of an organism
A parasite that inside an organism
What is chronic wasting disease?
Chronic wasting disease is when a deer infection with prions that cause chronic wasting disease lose weight and eventually die
What are some common bacterial pathogens?
leprosy, plague, pneumonia, and salmonella
A disease that is newly discovered or has been rare and then suddenly increases in occurrence
emerging infectious diseases often occur after what
the pathogen mutates or a new vector colonizes an area
Parasite and host dynamics are determined by the parasite’s ability to do what?
infect the host
when a parasite moves between individuals other than parents and their offspring (will use a vector species!!!!)
Horizontal transmission
Vertical transmission
An organism that a parasite uses to disperse from one host to another
When a parasite is transmitted from a parent to its offspring
A species that can carry a parasite but do NOT succumb to the disease that the parasite causes in other species
Reservoir species
Parasite and host populations commonly fluctuate in (a) cycles
What does the following describe:
When weevils are raised in the lab with parasitic wasps, the populations of the host and parasite experiences cycles over time that resemble predator-prey cycles
Host-parasite population cycles
The simplest model of infectious disease transmission that incorporates immunity
SPS model
SARS model
In the basic S-I-R model, all individuals in a population are initially _______
In the S-I-R model, when the infection is introduced at the beginning of the time period, there is an initial ______ _____ in the number of infected individuals
rapid growth
In the S-I-R model, as some infected individuals recover and become resistant, there are fewer susceptible individuals left to infect, so the number of individuals ______
declines
Parasites have evolved _____ strategies, while hosts have evolved ______ strategies
offensive, defensive
what cycle does this describe
Lyme Disease
I should go back through the power point and look look at examples of offensive parasite and defensive host strategies (i.e. adaptations that increase transmissions, structural defenses, etc.)
yeah i prob should
no thank ya
Which organisms is NOT an endoparasite?
bacteria
lice
prions
protozans
Parasite load refers to
the number of parasites of a given species that a host can harbor
the number of different parasite species that a host can harbor
the cumulative impact of all the different parasites upon the host individual.
the net cost, in terms of physiological response, to the host of the parasite invasion
parasites outside their native range are often
unable to find hosts
more deadly
mutate less frequently
unable to survive outside their hosts
why are American elm trees less likely to die of Dutch elm disease now than when the disease was first brought to North America from Asia
Antibiotics have been developed to combat the disease, although untreated trees still quickly succumb to the disease once they are infected
The most susceptible trees died in the initial outbreak and the more resistant survivors have passed their genes for resistance to their offspring
The beetles that spread the disease do not survive in cities, so the growth of cities has provided more disease-free habitat for American elms
The fungus that causes the disease began to die out as the number of new host trees dropped and the pathogen is now nearly extinct in North America
Would it be effective to control a parasite by vaccinating individuals in a reservoir species infected by the parasite?
yes, because the vaccine would attack and destroy the parasites in the tissues of the infected individuals
no, because the immune systems of the infected individuals are already resistant to the parasite
yes, because the vaccine would heal damage from the infection and leave individuals healthy and immune
no, because the infected individuals of the species are vectors that do not produce an immune response
Using the SIR model identify the statement as describing the outcome over time of susceptible individuals, infected individuals, or recovered individuals:
These individuals host the pathogen and transmit the infection
Using the SIR model identify the statement as describing the outcome over time of susceptible individuals, infected individuals, or recovered individuals:
These individuals acquire immunity through resistance and remain immune to any future infections
Using the SIR model identify the statement as describing the outcome over time of susceptible individuals, infected individuals, or recovered individuals:
These individuals can be infected depending on rate of transmission and probability of infection on contact
Recovered individuals
Why are parasites often more lethal outside of their native range?
DNA mutates more quickly outside of a parasite's native range, so the parasite evolves faster
Parasites cannot be transmitted from host to host outside of their native range
Therapeutic treatments, like fungicides, are ineffective outside of a parasites native range
The host population in the new region lacks defensive adaptation against foreign parasites
What is one reason that using a parasite in an attempt to control an invasive host species might be problematic
Invasive species have naturally high resistance to all parasites
Non-native parasites become more lethal as the invasive species dies off
Over time, the parasite may become less deadly to the invasive species
Parasites must infect a native vector organism to reach the invasive species
