_______ also means to find relations between systems and models.

A _________ in general is a pattern, plan, representation (especially in miniature), or description designed to show the main object or workings of an object, system, or concept

Models help us frame our thinking about objects in the real world.

____________________________is a discipline for developing a level of understanding of the interaction of the parts of a system, and of the system as a whole.

_____________________________is a technique (not a method) for representing a dynamic real world system by a model and experimenting with the model in order to gain information about the system and therefore take appropriate decision.

These are call iconic models.

These are models used for predictive (projecting) purposes.

These are similar to iconic models.

they are represented by sequences of random numbers subject to the assumptions of the model.

These models use intuitive (or futuristic) rules with the hope that it will produce workable solutions, which can be improved upon.

These are models that contain certain known and fixed constants throughout their formulation e.g., Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) for inventory control under uncertainty.

These are models that involve one or more uncertain variables and as such are subject to probabilities.

The steps involved in modelling are as follows, which is the 1st step?

One way to get random digits is to simply start with an arbitrary number with a specified number of digits, for example 4 digits

The result is a series of digits that appear randomly distributed as though generated by throwing a die or spinning a wheel. This type of algorithm is _________________

The so-called true _____________________________ extract random numbers from physical phenomena such as a radioactive source or even atmospheric noise as detected by a radio receiver

different pairs of numbers occur with nearly the same frequency, etc. Since such a process is not really random, it is called __________________________.

Choose the 3 Properties of a Good Random Number Generator

Classical uniform random number generators have some major defects, such as, short period length and lack of higher dimension uniformity.

This method uses the formula: Xn+1 = (aXn + c)(modulo m)

The _____________________ method is very handy. It is obtained using the general formula: rn = arn-1 (modulo m)

Xi+1 = (A*Xi + C) mod M, is the formula used in, what method?

This method uses the formula: Xn=1 = (dX 2 + cX + a) modulo m

The first random number is generated from the seed by squaring the seed and discarding all the digits except the middle four digits.

This method is similar to the mid-square method, except that a successive random number is obtained by multiplying the current number by a constant c, and taking the middle digits.

This method uses the formula: Xn+1 = (Xn + Xn-1) modulo m

Monte Carlo methods (or Monte Carlo experiments) are a class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to compute their results.

Monte Carlo methods are often used in simulating physical and mathematical systems.

Monte Carlo methods are useful for modelling phenomena with significant uncertainty in inputs, such as the calculation of risk in business.

Monte Carlo methods, relies on repeated computation of random or pseudo-random numbers.

The mid-product method has a longer period and it is more uniformly distributed than the mid-square method.