Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, ending the Byzantine Empire, in

Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated and WWI began in

The Spanish Armada was defeated by the English in

The Berlin Wall was built in

James I succeeded Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch, launching the Stuart dynasty in England in

Cromwell came to power and proclaimed the Commonwealth of England in

The Commonwealth ended with the Restoration in

Habsburg Emperor Charles VI ensured his daughter could inherit the throne when the Pragmatic Sanction was issued in

European powers met in Berlin to discuss the Scramble for Africa in

The Storming of the Bastille helped launch the French Revolution in

Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown, and Lenin led a Bolshevik takeover in

Italy became a unified country in

Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France in ______.

The final partition of Poland occurred in

The Congress of Vienna made important decisions for Europe in

Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed to end World War II in

Mostly failed revolutions that ended the conservative age of Metternich occurred in

The Wealth of Nations was written by Adam Smith in

Germany unified in

With the Peace of Augsburg, Charles V allowed German princes to choose between Lutheranism or Catholicism in

The Communist Manifesto was written in

Serfdom was abolished by Tsar Alexander II in

An armistice ended World War I in

The defenestration of Prague sparked the beginning of the 30 Years’ War in

The Soviet Union stopped supporting communist governments in eastern Europe in

The Soviet Union collapsed in

Germany invaded Poland, provoking war in Europe once again, in

The Glorious Revolution occurred in

Louis XIV, France’s “Sun King” and the longest reigning monarch in European history, died in