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Virginia Studies Final Review for SOLs

Total questions: 152

Worksheet time: 3hrs 26mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

In the late 1700s, a new American nation was forming. Name the document that outlined how the government of the new country would work.

a)

the Charters of the Virginia Company of London

b)

the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

c)

the Declaration of Independence

d)

the United States Constitution

2.

Who had the power to grant charters allowing settlement in North America in the early 1600s?

a)

the Governor of Virginia

b)

the Governor's Council

c)

the King of England

d)

the President of the United States

3.

What important document did George Mason write?

a)

the Declaration of Independence

b)

the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

c)

the Virginia Declaration of Rights

d)

the U.S. Constitution

4.

According to the Declaration of Independence, what basic rights do all people have? Choose all.

a)

life

b)

religious freedom

c)

liberty

d)

the pursuit of happiness

e)

freedom of the press

5.

Which statement could fit in the center of this diagram?

a)

both were written by Thomas Jefferson

b)

both protect freedom of the press

c)

both were written by Virginians

d)

both were written by George Mason

6.

The Declaration of Independence and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom were written by ...

a)

Thomas Jefferson

b)

George Mason

c)

James Madison

d)

Patrick Henry

7.

Who received charters granting permission to establish the Jamestown settlement?

a)

King James I of England

b)

the General Assembly

c)

Jamestown Stockholders, Inc.

d)

the Virginia Company of London

8.

"The Revolutionary War is officially over! They've just signed the document."

What document is being discussed?

a)

the Declaration of Independence

b)

the U.S. Constitution

c)

the Treaty of Paris

d)

the Charters of the Virginia Company of London

9.

The Declaration of Independence included ideas for self-government. According to its author, who does the authority to govern belong to?

a)

the President

b)

the King

c)

the people

d)

the Parliament

10.

Which two freedoms were protected by the Virginia Declaration of Rights?

a)

freedom of the people

b)

freedom of the press

c)

freedom of religion

d)

freedom of speech

e)

freedom from slavery

11.

The Treaty of Paris was signed in what year?

a)

1776

b)

1783

c)

1787

d)

1865

12.

Which statement completes the cause and effect chart?

a)

Many colonists wanted to govern themselves.

b)

The United States needed to organize how their government would work.

c)

The Revolutionary War ended.

d)

The Virginia Company wanted to establish a settlement.

13.

What document states that all people should be free to worship as they please?

a)

he Virginia charters

b)

the Treaty of Paris

c)

the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

d)

the Declaration of Independence

14.

What was this man's role at the Constitutional Convention?

a)

He was the president of the Constitutional Convention.

b)

He wrote the Constitution by himself.

c)

He started arguments amongst the delegates.

d)

He took detailed notes and helped the delegates reach agreement.

15.

Which river is labeled with the number 1?

a)

Potomac

b)

Atlantic

c)

York

d)

James

e)

Chesapeake

16.

Which state is numbered with a 2?

a)

West Virginia

b)

Virginia

c)

Maryland

d)

Kentucky

e)

Tennessee

17.

What is Virginia's Fall Line?

a)

Area where the trees have the most colorful leaves in Fall

b)

Natural border between the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions

c)

Dividing line between Virginia and West Virginia

d)

Area where the trees are the first to lose their leaves.

18.

Which region is located east of the Fall line and includes the Eastern Shore?

a)

Piedmont

b)

Valley and Ridge

c)

Appalachian Plateau

d)

Coastal Plain(Tidewater)

19.

Which region has old, rounded mountains?

a)

Valley and Ridge

b)

Applachian Plateau

c)

Blue Ridge Mountains

d)

Piedmont

20.

Which region has rolling hills?

a)

Coastal Plain

b)

Piedmont

c)

Valley and Ridge

d)

Applachian Plateau

21.

What body of water seperates the Eastern Shore from the mainland of Virginia?

a)

Atlantic Ocean

b)

Pacific Ocean

c)

Chesapeake Bay

22.

Match the following rivers to the city or cities that it is located near.

a)

James

1.

Jamestown

and RIchmond

b)

York

2.

Yorktown

c)

Rappahannock

3.

Fredricksburg

d)

Potomac

4.

Alexandria

23.

What body of water provided a safe habor and was a source of food and transportation?

a)

Chesapeake Bay

b)

Atlantic Ocean

c)

Potomac River

d)

Rappahannock River

24.

The Dismal Swamp is located in what region?

a)

Coastal Plain

b)

Appalachian Plateau

c)

Piedmont

d)

Valley and Ridge

25.

The Eastern Shore is a __________________bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and Maryland to the north.

a)

Fall Line

b)

Plateau

c)

Peninsula

d)

Rolling Hills

26.
Which region is shaded in yellow?
a)
Coastal Plain
b)
Piedmont
c)
Appalachian Plateau
d)
Valley and Ridge
27.

Which important body of water is labeled with the number 6?

a)

Potomac River

b)

Atlantic Ocean

c)

York River

d)

Rappahannock River

e)

Chesapeake Bay

28.

Which state is numbered with a 1?

a)

West Virginia

b)

Virginia

c)

Maryland

d)

North Carolina

e)

Tennessee

29.
The Virginia Company of London ____________ the settlement of Jamestown.
a)
Wealth
b)
Economy
c)
Financed
d)
Defended
30.
__________ was a strong leader who organized a work program to teach the settlers how to survive.
a)
Pocahontas
b)
John Smith
c)
Africans
d)
Women
31.
England hoped to find what in America?
a)
Silver and Gold
b)
Inland
c)
Settlement
d)
Tobacco
32.
Jamestown was the first....
a)
Permanent English settlement
b)
English Settlement
c)
Charter
d)
Government
33.
Who granted the charters to the Virginia Company of London?
a)
King of England
b)
Stockholders
c)
Settlers
d)
Africans
34.
Many settlers died of...
a)
Starvation and Disease
b)
Wealth and Power
c)
Gold and Silver
d)
Lack of Water
35.
The Jamestown location was chosen because it could be easily ___________ from attack by sea.
a)
Water
b)
Defended
c)
Attacked
d)
Markets
36.
In what year was Jamestown settled?
a)
1492
b)
1607
c)
1776
d)
2007
37.

The settlement of Jamestown was mainly:

a)

an economic venture (for making money)

b)

a fun adventure

c)

an educational experience

38.

By 1619, the settlement was growing by the addition of which group?

a)

women

b)

children

c)

Africans

d)

men

39.

By 1620, the settlement was growing by the addition of which group?

a)

women

b)

children

c)

Africans

d)

men

40.
Who did the colonists believe had legal authority in the colonies?
a)
Parliament
b)
local assemblies
c)
the King
d)
George Washington
41.
Who served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army?
a)
George Washington
b)
Patrick Henry
c)
General Cornwallis
d)
Thomas Jefferson
42.
Who was a slave that served in the Continental Army and was given his freedom after the war?
a)
George Washington
b)
Patrick Henry
c)
American Indians
d)
James Lafayette
43.
The last major battle of the Revolutionary War was fought at _________
a)
The Battle of Great Bridge
b)
Yorktown
c)
Jamestown
d)
Richmond
44.
Who inspired people with his speeches?
a)
Patriots
b)
Patrick Henry
c)
George Washington
d)
Thomas Jefferson
45.
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
a)
Thomas Jefferson
b)
George Washington
c)
Patrick Henry
d)
James Lafayette
46.
Who took on more responsibility during the war?
a)
American Indians
b)
Enslaved African Americans
c)
Women
d)
Patriots
47.
When was the Declaration of Independence signed?
a)
July 4, 1776
b)
July 4, 1607
c)
March 23, 1775
d)
July 4, 1840
48.

The colonists believed that Parliament did not have the right to tax them because --

a)

they already paid taxes to France.

b)

they had no representation in Parliament.

c)

they released legal authority of the colonies to the British Parliament.

d)

the royal governor excused them from all taxes.

49.

The southern states that seceded from the Union were called the ______.

a)

Confederate States of the Union

b)

Confederate States Of America

c)

Confederate Union

50.
Which group did not take sides in the Civil War?
a)
American Indians
b)
Whites
c)
African Americans
d)
English
51.
Why did West Virginia become a state?
a)
To help Virginia lower its population
b)
Disagreements between eastern counties that needed slavery and western ones who wanted it abolished
c)
Development in the industrial economy and the western territories wanting to expand
d)
Arguments between northern and southern VA counties over slavery
52.
Who was elected president in 1860, in turn causing some southern states to seced?
a)
Robert E. Lee
b)
Thomas Jefferson
c)
Abraham Lincoln
53.
Who was Harriet Tubman?
a)
A former slave owner who continued to fight for slavery.
b)
An escaped slave who helped other slaves to freedom.
54.
Who was Nat Turner?
a)
A slave who led a slave revolt against plantation owners.
b)
An abolitionist who helped with a slave revolt.
c)
A slave who fought for the North to end slavery.
55.
This was the main economy of the union
a)
Agriculture
b)
Industry
c)
Shipping
d)
Trade
56.
This was the main economy of the Confederacy
a)
Agriculture
b)
Industy
c)
Shipping
d)
Trade
57.
This was the first battle of the Civil War
a)
Yorktown
b)
Bull Run
c)
Appomattox
d)
Gettysburg
58.
An abolitionist who tried to start a slave rebellion by attacking an armory at Harpers Ferry, VA.
a)
Fort Sumter
b)
Sherman's March to Sea
c)
state's rights
d)
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
59.
The place where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to General Ulysses S. Grant.
a)
Fort Sumter
b)
Sherman's March to Sea
c)
Appomattox Court House
d)
Uncle Tom's Cabin
60.

The commanding general of the Confederate army was

a)

Ulysses Grant

b)

Robert E. Lee

c)

Abraham Lincoln

d)

William Sherman

61.

The commanding general of the Union army was

a)

Ulysses Grant

b)

Robert E. Lee

c)

William Sherman

d)

John Wilkes Booth

62.

Who was the president of the United States during the Civil War?

a)

Jefferson Davis

b)

Robert E. Lee

c)

Abraham Lincoln

d)

John Wilkes Booth

63.

Which of the following would be the best title for the graphic organizer?

a)

Continental Congress

b)

House of Delegates

c)

House of Representatives

d)

The General Assembly

64.

By the 1640's, one of the two legislative bodies of the General Assembly was the-

a)

House of Burgesses.

b)

House of Delegates.

c)

House of Representatives.

d)

Continental Congress.

65.

England wanted to establish a colony on North America to-

a)

establish trade with the Indians

b)

obtain raw materials

c)

locate the Fountain of Youth

d)

increase its fur trade

66.

The person the served as a contact between the native people and the Enlish was:

a)

Captain John Smith

b)

Chief Powhatan

c)

Pocahontas

d)

Christopher Columbus

67.

Which of these started trading relationships with the Powhatan Indians?

a)

Captain John Smith

b)

Chief Powhatan

c)

Pocahontas

d)

Sir Walter Raliegh

68.

Choose 3 reasons that the settlers chose the site they chose for Jamestown.

a)

good supply of fresh water

b)

they were tired from traveling

c)

easily defended from Spanish atttacks

d)

the water was deep enough for ships to dock

69.

Why was it good that more women came to Jamestown in 1620?

a)

to cook for the men that were already there

b)

to start families and grow the colony

c)

to clean for the men that were already there

d)

to become nurses and take care of the men who were sick

70.

The success of tobacco as a cash crop transformed life in the Virginia colony and encouraged what?

a)

work program

b)

indentured servants

c)

slavery

d)

invaders

71.

The settlers lacked some skills so they could not ____ for themselves.

a)

cook

b)

chop wood

c)

provide

d)

do laundry

72.

Which of these made life hard for the colonists?

a)

there were no schools for the children

b)

there was too much water and the farms were flooded

c)

many of them died from diseases

d)

they could not get along with each other

73.

Where did the Germans and Scotch-Irish settle?

a)

Shenandoah Valley

b)

Tidewater and Piedmont regions

74.

What place did the English and other Europeans settle?

a)

Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions.

b)

Shenandoah Valley

75.

What's a cash crop?

a)

A crop that is grown to give to your friends.

b)

A beautiful crop to look at

c)

A crop that is grown to sell for money rather than for use by the growers

d)

A dollar bill

76.

Two of the natural resources from Jamestown were...

a)

gold

b)

silver

c)

timber

d)

iron

77.

Choose all the reasons that England wanted to establish an American colony.

a)

to increase wealth and power

b)

to make friends with the Indians

c)

to find gold and silver in America

d)

to open new markets for trade

e)

to discover new plants and animals

78.

The colonists were upset because they were being _________ without representation.

a)

Taxed

b)

Fought

c)

Laughed at

d)

Friends

79.

Where is the capital of Virginia located

a)

richmond

b)

Piedmont

c)

Blue Ridge mountain

d)

Coastal plain

80.

Which of the following best describes Virginia's climate?

a)

Relatively mild with one season

b)

Relatively hot with distinct seasons

c)

Relatively mild with distinct seasons

d)

Relatively hot with one season

81.

The first permanent English settlement in North America was

a)

Werowocomoco

b)

Yorktown

c)

Richmnd

d)

Jamestown

82.

What as the name of a large Indian town that was used bu Indian leaders several hundred years before the English settlers came?

a)

Jamestown

b)

Werowocomoco

c)

Yorktown

d)

Richmond

83.

On what river was Werowocomoco located?

a)

James River

b)

Rappahannock River

c)

York River

d)

Potomac River

84.

In which region was the Siouan language primarily spoken?

a)

Piedmont

b)

Valley and Ridge

c)

Coastal Plain (Tidewater)

d)

Appalachian Plateau

85.

Which group lived in southwest Virginia and primarily spoke the Iroquoian language?

a)

Powhatan

b)

Monacan

c)

Cherokee

d)

Mattaponi

86.

Which group lived in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region and primarily spoke the Algonquian language?

a)

Powhatam

b)

Apache

c)

Cherokee

d)

Monacan

87.

In which region was the Siouan language primarily spoken?

a)

Piedmont

b)

Valley and Ridge

c)

Coastal Plain (Tidewater)

d)

Appalachian Plateau

88.

Which group lived in southwest Virginia and primarily spoke the Iroquoian language?

a)

Powhatan

b)

Monacan

c)

Cherokee

d)

Mattaponi

89.

What did the American Indians use for clothing?

a)

Animal skins, such as deerskin

b)

Leather

c)

Silk

d)

Corn

90.

In which season did the Indians harvest crops and hunt for food to preserve for the winter?

a)

Fall

b)

Spring

c)

Summer

d)

Winter

91.

In which season did the Indians grow crops?

a)

Summer

b)

Spring

c)

Fall

d)

All 4 seasons

92.

What did the Indians do for food in the spring?

a)

Hunted, fished, and picked berries

b)

Hunted

c)

Harvested crops

d)

Ate lots and lots of food

93.

What did the Indians hunt for in winter?

a)

Birds and other animals

b)

Deer and other animals

c)

Crocodiles

d)

Squash and corn

94.

The Indians in Virginia are known as the -

a)

Eastern Indians

b)

Eastern Woodland Indians

c)

Northwest Indians

d)

Very tall Indians

95.
Which product is found in the Valley and Ridge AND Blue Ridge Mountain regions?
a)
technology
b)
coal
c)
apples
d)
beef
96.
Which industry is found in the Piedmont, Blue Ridge Mountains, and Valley and Ridge regions?
a)
coal mining
b)
farming
c)
technology
d)
shipbuilding
97.
Which region would you find military bases?
a)
Piedmont
b)
Coastal Plain
c)
Blue Ridge Mountain
d)
Valley and Ridge
98.
What is synonym or another word for outdoor activities?
a)
government
b)
recreation
c)
tourism
d)
poultry
99.
Which region would you find beef?
a)
Coastal Plain
b)
Appalachian Plateau
c)
Piedmont
d)
Valley and Ridge
100.
Which region would you find seafood?
a)
Coastal Plain
b)
Appalachian Plateau
c)
Piedmont
d)
Valley and Ridge
101.
Which region would you find coal?
a)
Piedmont
b)
Coastal Plain
c)
Blue Ridge Mountains
d)
Appalachian Plateau
102.
Which region would you find shipbuilding?
a)
Piedmont
b)
Appalachian Plateau
c)
Coastal Plain
d)
Valley and Ridge
103.
Which region would you find recreation?
a)
Valley and Ridge
b)
Coastal Plain
c)
Blue Ridge Mountains
d)
Piedmont
104.

VS.9a - Which factor caused the changes shown in this chart?

a)

lower taxes

b)

lower production

c)

more freedom

d)

more jobs

105.

VS.9b - Which two items best complete the shaded part of the diagram?

a)

proposed the creation of the League of Nations

b)

wrote a plan for world peace

c)

military leader

d)

Twentieth-century President

e)

created an economic plan

106.

VS.9d - The Virginian is best known for -

a)

gaining equal rights for African Americans

b)

creating the first African American computer company

c)

writing editorials calling for African American equality

d)

becoming the first African American governor

107.

VS.9b - Which belongs in section A of the diagram?

a)

recommended forming an organization to maintain world peace

b)

organized and trained troops in World War I

c)

established a financial plan to help rebuild Europe after World War II

d)

advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt on military related issues

108.

VS.9a - Which factor would persuade people to move from location 1 to location 2?

a)

religious freedom

b)

smaller population

c)

job opportunities

d)

cleaner air

109.

VS.9d - What question would a report ask of Maggie L. Walker in an interview?

a)

When did you become the first African American governor of Virginia?

b)

Why did you decide to resist integration of public schools in Virginia?

c)

How does it feel to be the first African American woman bank president?

d)

How does it feel to be the first African American to win a women's tennis tournament?

110.

VS.9c - Which sign is an example of integration?

a)
b)
c)
d)
111.

VS.9c - Which of the following statements is true

a)

racial discrimination is legal

b)

separate but equal schools is fair

c)

all Virginia public schools are integrated

d)

the Massive Resistance Policy was successful

112.

VS,9c - As a result of the Civil Rights Movement, laws were made that -

a)

gave immigrants the right to work

b)

gave women the right to vote

c)

made child labor illegal

d)

made racial discrimination illegal

113.

Who led a Massive Resistance Movement against the integration of schools?

a)

Woodrow Wilson

b)

Harry F. Byrd, Sr.

c)

L. Douglas Wilder

d)

Arthur R. Ashe, Jr.

114.

What job did Maggie L. Walker hold?

a)

Teacher

b)

Delegate to the Virginia General Assembly

c)

Bank president

d)

Governor

115.

Who was the first African American to win a major men's tennis championship?

a)

L. Douglas Wilder

b)

James Armistead Lafayette

c)

Nat Turner

d)

Arthur R. Ashe, Jr.

116.

Who was known as the "Pay As You Go" governor and was responsible for improving roads in Virginia?

a)

Harry F. Byrd, Sr.

b)

Patrick Henry

c)

L. Douglas Wilder

d)

Woodrow Wilson

117.

Who was the first African American elected governor in the United States?

a)

Arthur R. Ashe, Jr.

b)

Nat Turner

c)

Harriet Tubman

d)

L. Douglas Wilder

118.
Jim Crow laws established __________ by race in all public places.
a)
integration
b)
segregation
c)
desegregation
119.
Virginia changed from an...
a)
agricultural to an industrial society
b)
industrial to an agricultural society
120.
Who led the Massive Resistance Movement against the integration of public schools?
a)
A. Linwood Holton
b)
L. Douglas Wilder
c)
Harry F. Byrd
d)
Oliver W. Hill
121.
Virginia changed into an industrial society because...
a)
crop prices were low
b)
crop prices were high
122.
Which laws established segregation by race in all public places?
a)
Black Codes
b)
Jim Crow
123.
What is the abolishment of racial segregation?
a)
integration
b)
segregation
c)
desegregation
124.
Which area of Virginia grew due to an increase in federal jobs?
a)
Tidewater
b)
Northern Virginia
c)
Tazewell
125.
Which policy fought to "resist" the integration of public schools?
a)
Massive Resistance
b)
Civil Rights Movement
126.
Which movement fought to end Jim Crow laws and make racial discrimination illegal?
a)
Civil Rights Movement
b)
Massive Resistance
127.
After Reconstruction, many Virginians moved to urban (city) areas for better...
a)
agricultural opportunities
b)
economic opportunities
128.
Which branch of government decides cases about people accused of breaking the law?
a)
Legislative Branch
b)
Executive Branch
c)
Judicial Branch
129.
What document sets up our branches of government?
a)
Statute for Religious Freedom
b)
Declaration of Independence
c)
Virginia Constitution
130.

Virginia's legislative branch is divided into two parts called the...

a)

Governor & House of Representatives

b)

Senate & House of Delegates

c)

Senate & Supreme Court

131.

Who is in charge of the legislative branch for Virginia?

a)

General Assembly

b)

Supreme Court

c)

Governor

132.
Virginia's executive branch is headed by the...
a)
Judges
b)
Governor
c)
Senate
d)
House of Delegates
133.
Which branch of government makes sure state laws are carried out and enforced?
a)
Legislative Branch
b)
Executive Branch
c)
Judicial Branch
134.

How do archaeologists help people understand the past?

a)

They study many types of material evidence left from people of the past.

b)

They research information in encyclopedias and dictionaries

c)

They paint pictures of what they think might have been in the area.

d)

They talk to the people who lived during the time period being studied

135.

Which section on the map shows where Siouan language groups lived?

a)

2

b)

3

c)

1

d)

4

136.

Which section of the map shows where Algonquian language groups lived?

a)

1

b)

4

c)

5

d)

3

137.

Which sections of the map shows where the Iroquoian language groups lived?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

e)

5

138.

Which is the correct location of the Cumberland Gap on the map above?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

139.

Which statement best completes this diagram?

a)

Many farmers looked west and south for new land to farm.

b)

The harvesting process made large holes, which created ruts in the land.

c)

The soil became more fertile and grew better crops.

d)

Some farmers decided to change their trade and become artisans.

140.

After the Revolution, why did so many Virginians move west and to the deep south?

a)

All the cities and towns in Virginia were destroyed in the war.

b)

They hoped to find better farmland and new opportunities.

c)

All the land in Virginia had already been settled.

d)

Native American tribes were selling their homelands in the west and deep south.

141.

Settlers migrating west to new lands crossed the Appalachian Mountains through the --

a)

Great Valley of Virginia

b)

Appalachian Plateau

c)

Fall Line

d)

Cumberland Gap

142.

What impact did Virginian's have in the new areas they settled?

a)

They had little impact on the new areas because they were outnumbered.

b)

They taught cotton farming techniques to new farmers.

c)

Their traditions, ideas, and culture spread to the areas they settled.

d)

They built strong relationships with American Indians in the new areas.

143.

What are two technological advances that influenced Virginians to migrate to other states and western territories in the early 1800s?

a)
b)
c)
d)
144.

Which phrases best complete the T-Chart about James Madison?

a)

He believed all people should be free to worship as they please.

b)

He believed in the importance of having a U.S. Constitution.

c)

He kept detailed notes at the Constitutional Convention.

d)

He wrote the Declaration of Independence.

145.

Which phrases best complete the T-Chart about Thomas Jefferson?

a)

He believed all people should be free to worship as they please.

b)

He believed in the importance of having a U.S. Constitution.

c)

He kept detailed notes at the Constitutional Convention.

d)

He wrote the Declaration of Independence.

146.

Who wrote the document above?

a)

George Mason

b)

James Madison

c)

Thomas Jefferson

d)

John Adams

147.

Cheryl is writing a report on a famous Virginian. Her notes are above. Who is her report most likely about?

a)

George Washington

b)

James Madison

c)

George Mason

d)

Thomas Jefferson

148.

Who was given the title "Father of the Constitution"?

a)

Benjamin Franklin

b)

George Washington

c)

James Madison

d)

John Adams

149.

George Washington is often called ---

a)

"Father of our Country"

b)

"Father of the Constitution"

c)

"Father of Democracy"

d)

"Father of Presidents"

150.

Which Virginian is being described in the headline above?

a)

Thomas Jefferson

b)

George Washington

c)

Patrick Henry

d)

George Mason

151.
What was the last battle of the American Revolution?
a)
The Battle of Great Bridge
b)
The Battle of Lexington and Concord
c)
The Battle of Yorktown
d)
The Battle of New Market
152.

The British army surrendered to American forces in 1781 at -

a)

Philadelphia.

b)

Saratoga.

c)

Williamsburg.

d)

Yorktown.