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Аударма теориясы 1

Total questions: 100

Worksheet time: 50mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Who is traditionally considered the patron saint of translators?

a)

St Jerome

b)

St. Augustine

c)

Cicero

d)

Horace

e)

Martin Luther

2.

Which ancient Roman scholars introduced the distinction between word-for-word and sense-for-sense translation?

a)

Cicero and Horace

b)

Plato and Aristotle

c)

Socrates and Homer

d)

Julius Caesar and Ovid

e)

Virgil and Seneca

3.

What was Martin Luther's main contribution to the history of translation?

a)

Translating the Bible into common language

b)

Inventing the concept of formal equivalence

c)

Creating the first machine translation algorithm

d)

Establishing the first school for interpreters

e)

Translating ancient Greek scientific texts into Latin

4.

Which period is characterized by the systemic, scientific study of translation?

a)

The second half of the 20th century

b)

The Middle Ages

c)

The Renaissance

d)

The 18th century

e)

The early 19th century

5.

According to James S. Holmes, what are the two main branches of Translation Studies?

a)

Pure and applied

b)

General and specific

c)

Theoretical and historical

d)

Linguistic and cultural

e)

Human and machine

6.

Which of the following belongs to the applied branch of Translation Studies?

a)

Translator training and translation criticism

b)

Descriptive translation studies

c)

The study of translation universals

d)

The general theory of translation

e)

The historical evolution of translation

7.

How does R. Jakobson define intralingual translation?

a)

Rewording or paraphrasing within the same language

b)

Translating from one language to another

c)

Translating a written text into a film

d)

Translating a poem into prose in a foreign language

e)

Using machine translation for everyday texts

8.

What is interlingual translation according to R. Jakobson?

a)

Translation proper, from one verbal language to another

b)

Changing the genre of a text within the same language

c)

Adapting a novel into a stage play

d)

Explaining a word using synonyms in the same language

e)

Replacing a verbal text with images

9.

What is intersemiotic translation according to R. Jakobson?

a)

Transmutation from a verbal sign system to a non-verbal sign system

b)

Word-for-word translation between two languages

c)

Summarizing a long article in the same language

d)

Translating technical terms into everyday language

e)

Translating from a source text to a target text directly

10.

Which of the following is an example of intersemiotic translation?

a)

Adapting a novel into a movie

b)

Translating a Russian novel into English

c)

Simplifying a legal document for ordinary readers

d)

Using a bilingual dictionary

e)

Paraphrasing a difficult sentence

11.

How is translation defined as a process?

a)

The series of actions and cognitive steps taken to transfer meaning

b)

The final printed document given to the client

c)

The theoretical evaluation of equivalence

d)

The history of the translated text

e)

The target language audience's reaction

12.

How is translation defined as a product?

a)

The final translated text resulting from the translation process

b)

The mental operations of the translator

c)

The act of reading the source text

d)

The strategy of using dictionaries

e)

The cultural background of the author

13.

What is contrastive analysis in translation methodology?

a)

Comparing the linguistic systems of two languages to find similarities and differences

b)

Analyzing the emotions of the translator during work

c)

Reviewing the final translation for typos and errors

d)

Comparing a book to its film adaptation

e)

Translating a text back into the original language

14.

What is the primary purpose of Think-Aloud Protocols (TAP) in Translation Studies?

a)

To observe and record the translator's cognitive processes in real-time

b)

To teach students how to pronounce foreign words correctly

c)

To analyze the grammatical structure of the target text

d)

To evaluate the historical context of the source text

e)

To compare human translation with machine translation output

15.

What does a translator do during a Think-Aloud Protocol experiment?

a)

Verbalizes all their thoughts and decisions while translating

b)

Reads the translated text aloud to the target audience

c)

Discusses the text with the author before translating

d)

Memorizes the text by reading it aloud multiple times

e)

Listens to an audio recording of the text

16.

What is the central concept of translation equivalence?

a)

The relationship of similarity and equal value between the source and target texts

b)

The exact identical length of the source and target texts

c)

The use of the same grammatical structures in both languages

d)

The elimination of cultural differences in the target text

e)

The process of replacing words with images

17.

What is the primary goal of dynamic equivalence?

a)

To produce the same effect on the target audience as the original text had on its audience

b)

To strictly preserve the grammatical forms of the source language

c)

To translate words without looking at the context

d)

To foreignize the text for the target reader

e)

To translate only the literal meaning of individual words

18.

What is the primary goal of formal equivalence?

a)

To reproduce the form and content of the source text as closely as possible

b)

To adapt the text completely to the target culture

c)

To create a completely new text inspired by the original

d)

To simplify the text for children

e)

To achieve a natural, idiomatic style in the target language

19.

How many types of equivalence did Komissarov distinguish?

a)

Five

b)

Three

c)

Four

d)

Six

e)

Seven

20.

According to Komissarov, what is the first type of equivalence?

a)

Equivalence at the level of the purport of communication

b)

Equivalence at the level of the invariant meaning of the syntactic structures

c)

Equivalence at the level of word semantics

d)

Equivalence at the level of the identification of the situation

e)

Equivalence at the level of the method of its description

21.

Which type of Komissarov’s equivalence is typically observed in the translation of

proverbs?

a)

The first type

b)

The second type

c)

The third type

d)

The fourth type

e)

The fifth type

22.

What characterizes Komissarov's fifth type of equivalence?

a)

The highest degree of semantic and structural similarity between the texts

b)

The translation of only the general purpose of the message

c)

The complete omission of grammatical structures

d)

The use of antonymic translation techniques

e)

The adaptation of the text for a different age group

23.

What does the situational model of translation suggest?

a)

Translation is a process of describing the same extra-linguistic situation using a different language

b)

Translation is a mathematical transfer of symbols

c)

Translation is impossible because no two cultures are identical

d)

Translation relies entirely on the phonetic similarity of words

e)

Translation is mainly about preserving the syntax of the original text

24.

What is the basis of the transformational model of translation?

a)

The process is viewed as a series of mental transformations from source units to target units

b)

The process requires the text to be transformed into a multimedia format

c)

The translator must change the author's original message

d)

The text is analyzed only at the level of individual phonemes

e)

The grammar of the target language is completely ignored

25.

What is the focus of the semantic model of translation?

a)

Breaking down meaning into basic semantic components for transfer

b)

Focusing only on the cultural background of the author

c)

Copying the word order of the source text

d)

Translating solely by intuition without analysis

e)

Creating a rhyming target text regardless of meaning

26.

What does the communication model of translation emphasize?

a)

Translation as an act of bilingual communication involving a sender, translator, and receiver

b)

Translation as a solitary process without a target audience

c)

Translation as a purely grammatical exercise

d)

Translation as a form of machine programming

e)

Translation as an oral activity only

27.

What is literal translation?

a)

Translating word-for-word, often preserving the source language structure

b)

Translating the general meaning without looking at the words

c)

Translating a novel into a screenplay

d)

Adapting the cultural elements to the target audience

e)

Omitting difficult words from the translation

28.

What is free translation?

a)

Reproducing the general meaning without strict adherence to the form of the original

b)

Translating exactly word-for-word

c)

Translating texts without being paid

d)

Using a machine translation tool

e)

Copying the source text letters directly into the target text

29.

What are the two translation methods proposed by Peter Newmark?

a)

Semantic translation and communicative translation

b)

Formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence

c)

Domestication and foreignization

d)

Overt translation and covert translation

e)

Direct translation and indirect translation

30.

What is semantic translation according to Newmark?

a)

Translating closely to the semantic and syntactic structures of the original

b)

Translating strictly for the target audience's comfort

c)

Translating non-fiction texts only

d)

Erasing the personal style of the original author

e)

Translating by summarizing the main ideas

31.

What is communicative translation according to Newmark?

a)

Attempting to produce the same effect on the target readers as the original did on its readers

b)

Translating word-for-word without context

c)

Retaining all foreign cultural words without explanation

d)

Translating legal documents with strict precision

e)

Focusing exclusively on the author's original intent

32.

Which scholar is associated with the concepts of domestication and foreignization?

a)

Lawrence Venuti

b)

Eugene Nida

c)

Peter Newmark

d)

Hans Vermeer

e)

Gideon Toury

33.

What is domestication in translation?

a)

Adapting the text to the cultural norms of the target language, minimizing foreignness

b)

Preserving the foreign cultural markers of the source text

c)

Translating animal names into the target language

d)

Translating a text literally word-for-word

e)

Using machine translation for home use

34.

What is foreignization in translation?

a)

Retaining the foreign elements and conventions of the source text to highlight its otherness

b)

Making the text read as smoothly as if it were originally written in the target language

c)

Erasing all cultural references

d)

Translating into a completely different dialect

e)

Omitting difficult cultural words

35.

Which strategy aims to make the translator "invisible"?

a)

Domestication

b)

Foreignization

c)

Literal translation

d)

Calque

e)

Transcription

36.

Who is the primary founder of the Skopos theory?

a)

Hans Vermeer

b)

Lawrence Venuti

c)

Eugene Nida

d)

Roman Jakobson

e)

John Dryden

37.

What is the central idea of the Skopos theory?

a)

The translation process is primarily determined by the purpose of the target text

b)

Translation must always be structurally equivalent to the source text

c)

Translation is an impossible task due to cultural differences

d)

A translator must always remain invisible

e)

Machine translation will eventually replace human translators

38.

According to Skopos theory, what dictates the translation strategy?

a)

The function the text is intended to fulfill in the target culture

b)

The grammatical rules of the source language

c)

The personal preference of the source text author

d)

The literal meaning of the source text words

e)

The historical period in which the source text was written

39.

What does DTS stand for in translation theory?

a)

Descriptive Translation Studies

b)

Direct Translation Strategies

c)

Dynamic Text Semantics

d)

Digital Translation Systems

e)

Deductive Translation Studies

40.

What is the main goal of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS)?

a)

To describe the phenomena of translation as they actually occur, without prescribing rules

b)

To create strict rules on how translators must work

c)

To build better machine translation software

d)

To evaluate translations as simply "good" or "bad"

e)

To teach grammar to translation students

41.

According to Gideon Toury, translations belong primarily to:

a)

The target system and culture

b)

The source system and culture

c)

A neutral, bilingual space

d)

The personal system of the translator

e)

The theoretical realm of linguistics

42.

Who is the philosopher associated with Deconstruction?

a)

Jacques Derrida

b)

Immanuel Kant

c)

Friedrich Nietzsche

d)

Eugene Nida

e)

Lawrence Venuti

43.

How does Deconstruction view "meaning" in a text?

a)

Meaning is unstable, fluid, and depends on continuous interpretation

b)

Meaning is fixed, absolute, and singular

c)

Meaning exists only in the mind of the original author

d)

Meaning is easily transferred intact from one language to another

e)

Meaning can be perfectly calculated by machines

44.

What does Deconstruction imply for translation?

a)

A translation is not a secondary copy, but an active continuation that transforms the original

b)

A perfect translation is always possible if one uses the right dictionary

c)

Translation should only be literal

d)

Translators should never interpret the text

e)

The source text is always superior to the target text

45.

What is Localization?

a)

Adapting a product, software, or text to a specific locale or market

b)

Translating a text word-for-word

c)

Finding the exact geographical location of the source text author

d)

Omitting cultural references entirely

e)

Translating only local news

46.

Which of the following is typically a part of the localization process?

a)

Adapting date formats, currencies, and cultural references

b)

Preserving the source language syntax

c)

Refusing to change idiomatic expressions

d)

Using archaic vocabulary

e)

Translating poetry

47.

What is the difference between translation and localization?

a)

Localization involves comprehensive cultural and technical adaptation, beyond just linguistic transfer

b)

There is no difference; they are exact synonyms

c)

Translation is for software, localization is for books

d)

Localization is only done by machines

e)

Translation always changes the culture, localization does not

48.

What is Cultural Adaptation in translation?

a)

Modifying cultural references to make them understandable and relatable to the target audience

b)

Forcing the target audience to learn the source culture

c)

Deleting any word that represents a cultural item

d)

Translating idioms literally word-for-word

e)

Replacing the source text with a completely different story

49.

When is cultural adaptation most necessary?

a)

When the source text contains cultural realities unknown to the target audience

b)

When translating scientific formulas

c)

When the source text is very short

d)

When the translator is in a hurry

e)

When the grammar of the two languages is identical

50.

What is translation competence?

a)

The underlying system of knowledge and skills required to translate

b)

The ability to type fast on a keyboard

c)

Knowing how to speak two languages without being able to write

d)

A certificate given to graduating students

e)

The ability to memorize a dictionary

51.

According to the PACTE group, which of the following is a sub-competence of translation competence?

a)

Bilingual, extra-linguistic, and instrumental sub-competencies

b)

Musical and athletic sub-competencies

c)

Only grammatical knowledge

d)

The ability to use social media

e)

Mathematical logic

52.

What is extralinguistic competence in translation?

a)

Encyclopedic, thematic, and cultural knowledge about the world

b)

The ability to pronounce words perfectly

c)

Knowing how to use translation software

d)

The psychological ability to work under pressure

e)

The knowledge of grammar rules

53.

What is instrumental competence in translation?

a)

The ability to use documentation resources, dictionaries, and technology

b)

The ability to play musical instruments to understand rhythm

c)

The knowledge of cultural history

d)

The ability to translate simultaneously

e)

Knowing two languages perfectly

54.

What is simultaneous interpreting?

a)

Interpreting the speaker's message in real-time, almost at the same time as they speak

b)

Interpreting after the speaker has finished a long speech

c)

Translating a document while reading it aloud

d)

Two translators working on the same text at the same time

e)

Interpreting using only sign language

55.

What is consecutive interpreting?

a)

Interpreting after the speaker pauses or finishes a segment of their speech

b)

Interpreting in a soundproof booth at the exact same time as the speaker

c)

Translating a written text line by line

d)

Whispering the translation to a single person

e)

Translating subtitles for a movie

56.

What is an essential skill for consecutive interpreting?

a)

Effective note-taking and short-term memory

b)

Typing speed

c)

The ability to read lips

d)

Formatting documents in Microsoft Word

e)

Writing literary essays

57.

What does AVT stand for?

a)

Audiovisual translation

b)

Advanced verbal transfer

c)

Automatic voice translation

d)

Applied vocabulary theory

e)

Audio visual testing

58.

What is subtitling?

a)

Providing written text at the bottom of the screen to translate spoken dialogue

b)

Replacing the original audio track with a new one in the target language

c)

A narrator reading the translation over the original audio

d)

Translating a book into an audiobook

e)

Summarizing the plot of a movie in text

59.

What is dubbing?

a)

Replacing the original spoken dialogue with a synchronized audio track in the target language

b)

Displaying written translation on the screen

c)

A single voice reading all the lines over the original audio

d)

Translating the title of the movie

e)

Making the actors speak two languages

60.

What is voice-over translation?

a)

A technique where the translated audio is heard over the original audio, which is kept at a lower volume

b)

Lip-syncing the target language perfectly to the actors' mouths

c)

Writing subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing

d)

Translating the script before the movie is filmed

e)

Interpreting live at a movie premiere

61.

What is a major constraint in subtitling?

a)

Space and time limits

b)

Finding actors with good voices

c)

Matching the lip movements of the actors

d)

Grammatical differences between nouns and verbs

e)

The cost of printing the text

62.

What is Transcreation?

a)

Re-creating a text in a target language to ensure the same emotional impact and brand message, often altering the content significantly

b)

Translating a scientific manual literally

c)

Creating a translation memory database

d)

Using machine translation for speed

e)

Translating spoken words simultaneously

63.

In which field is Transcreation most commonly used?

a)

Marketing and advertising

b)

Legal documents

c)

Medical prescriptions

d)

Physics research papers

e)

Birth certificates

64.

What is the primary focus of Transcreation compared to standard translation?

a)

Capturing the intended emotional response and style, even if it means changing the words

b)

Guaranteeing word-for-word accuracy

c)

Reducing the length of the text

d)

Keeping all foreign cultural terms

e)

Using strict formal equivalence

65.

What is Specialized Translation?

a)

Translating texts that require subject-specific knowledge, such as technical, legal, or medical texts

b)

Translating poetry and literature

c)

Translating general news articles

d)

Translating only into your native language

e)

Translating everyday conversations

66.

What is a key requirement for a technical translator?

a)

Deep understanding of the specific terminology and concepts of the field

b)

The ability to write rhyming poetry

c)

Knowing how to use dubbing equipment

d)

Excellent public speaking skills

e)

The ability to read ancient languages

67.

What is Machine Translation (MT)?

a)

The use of computer software to translate text or speech from one language to another

b)

A human translator using a typewriter

c)

Translating manuals for heavy machinery

d)

The process of recording audio translation

e)

Memorizing a digital dictionary

68.

What is Post-Editing in Machine Translation (PEMT)?

a)

A human translator reviewing and correcting a machine-translated text

b)

Editing the source text before running it through a machine

c)

Creating the algorithm for the machine

d)

Publishing the translation on a website

e)

Translating the text manually without a computer

69.

What is a Translation Memory (TM)?

a)

A database that stores previously translated sentences and segments to aid future translation

b)

The short-term memory of a simultaneous interpreter

c)

A historical archive of ancient translations

d)

A dictionary of equivalent-lacking words

e)

A machine that automatically translates audio

70.

What does a Neural Machine Translation (NMT) system rely on?

a)

Artificial intelligence and deep learning models to predict word sequences

b)

Simple word-for-word dictionary lookups

c)

Human translators typing responses

d)

Mechanical typewriters

e)

Direct, rigid grammatical rules

71.

What is the main cause of linguistic untranslatability?

a)

The lack of a direct structural or grammatical equivalent in the target language

b)

The translator's lack of vocabulary

c)

A broken computer system

d)

The target audience's lack of education

e)

The length of the source text

72.

What is the main cause of cultural untranslatability?

a)

The absence of a specific cultural concept or reality in the target culture

b)

The translator refusing to adapt the text

c)

Grammatical gender differences

d)

Phonetic incompatibility

e)

Typographical errors in the source text

73.

What are Translation Universals?

a)

Linguistic features that typically occur in translated texts rather than original texts, regardless of the language pair

b)

Words that sound the same in all languages

c)

A set of rules that all translators must follow globally

d)

Translators who can work with more than ten languages

e)

Books that have been translated into every language

74.

Which of the following is considered a potential Translation Universal?

a)

Explicitation

b)

Domestication

c)

Word-for-word translation

d)

Subtitling

e)

Transcreation

75.

What is Katharina Reiss known for in translation theory?

a)

Developing a text typology (informative, expressive, operative) for translation evaluation

b)

Inventing the concept of domestication

c)

Creating the first machine translation engine

d)

Defining the five levels of equivalence

e)

Introducing the concept of deconstruction

76.

According to Reiss, what is the main function of an 'operative' text?

a)

To appeal to or persuade the reader to act

b)

To simply convey facts and data

c)

To express the artistic vision of the author

d)

To teach grammar rules

e)

To summarize a longer tex

77.

According to Reiss, what should the translation of an 'expressive' text prioritize?

a)

The aesthetic and artistic form of the original

b)

The exact factual information

c)

Persuading the reader to buy a product

d)

Using the simplest vocabulary possible

e)

Deleting complex metaphors

78.

How is an equivalent-lacking word typically translated?

a)

By using borrowing, calque, description, or approximate translation

b)

By leaving a blank space in the text

c)

By using word-for-word literal translation

d)

By applying sentence partitioning

e)

By changing the grammatical voice

79.

What is a "calque"?

a)

Translating a source language word or phrase literally, element by element

b)

Copying the exact spelling of the source word

c)

Explaining a cultural concept in a footnote

d)

Deleting the word completely

e)

Using a completely different idiom

80.

What is the difference between transcription and transliteration?

a)

Transcription recreates the sound, transliteration recreates the spelling

b)

Transcription is for written texts, transliteration is for oral speeches

c)

Transcription is formal, transliteration is dynamic

d)

Transcription changes the meaning, transliteration changes the grammar

e)

There is no difference; they are the exact same technique

81.

What is "explicitation" in translation?

a)

Adding information to the target text that was only implicit in the source text

b)

Removing difficult words from the text

c)

Translating a text into very explicit, inappropriate language

d)

Changing a statement into a question

e)

Copying the source text layout

82.

What is "implicitation" in translation?

a)

Making information implicit in the target text that was explicit in the source text

b)

Adding long footnotes to explain a term

c)

Translating word-for-word

d)

Using a foreignization strategy

e)

Changing the genre of the text

83.

What is "modulation" as a translation technique?

a)

A shift in cognitive category or point of view

b)

Changing the grammatical part of speech

c)

Transcribing a foreign name

d)

Omitting a paragraph

e)

Using an audio modulator in dubbing

84.

What is "transposition"?

a)

Changing a grammatical category

b)

Changing the cultural setting of a story

c)

Moving a sentence from the beginning to the end of a text

d)

Translating from an active to a passive language only

e)

Replacing words with musical notes

85.

What is the definition of "adequacy" in translation theory?

a)

The reproduction of the source text's function and pragmatic intent in the target language

b)

The exact identical word count between texts

c)

The ability of a machine to translate without errors

d)

Translating only the denotative meaning

e)

Using formal equivalence exclusively

86.

What is "pseudo-translation"?

a)

An original text that is presented by its author as if it were a translation

b)

A very bad machine translation

c)

Translating a text that does not actually exist

d)

Using false friends in a translation

e)

Interpreting a speech incorrectly

87.

What is an "idiom"?

a)

A phrase whose figurative meaning cannot be understood from the literal meaning of its individual words

b)

A person who cannot speak clearly

c)

A machine translation algorithm

d)

A grammatical tense used in the past

e)

A specialized technical term

88.

What is the main challenge of translating idioms?

a)

Finding a target language expression that conveys the same figurative meaning and impact

b)

Translating each word literally

c)

Spelling the words correctly

d)

Counting the number of words

e)

Pronouncing the idiom aloud

89.

Whose 1953 work "Introduction to Translation Theory" is widely considered the starting point of the linguistic theory of translation as an independent scientific discipline in Soviet linguistics?

a)

A. V. Fedorov

b)

V. N. Komissarov

c)

I. I. Revzin

d)

Eu. A. Nida

e)

R. Jakobson

90.

In a broad sense, what does the term "Translation Studies" encompass compared to "Translation Theory"?

a)

It covers all concepts, observations, and disciplines related to translation, including psychological, historical, and literary aspects

b)

It is strictly limited to the linguistic analysis of the source and target texts

c)

It only refers to the practical application of translation skills in commercial

environments

d)

It is a sub-branch of contrastive linguistics focusing solely on grammatical structures

e)

It exclusively studies the history of translation from antiquity to the Renaissance

91.

What is the primary focus of the General Theory of Translation?

a)

Studying the most general linguistic patterns of translation, regardless of the specific language pair or mode of translation

b)

Analyzing the specific translation difficulties between English and Russian

c)

Developing algorithms for machine translation software and neural networks

d)

Exploring the history of translation in a specific geographical region

e)

Creating glossaries and dictionaries for specialized technical translation

92.

What is the main tool or method utilized by the General Theory of Translation?

a)

Contrastive linguistic research and comparison of original and translated texts

b)

The subjective evaluation of the artistic merit of translated poetry

c)

The statistical analysis of word frequencies in a single language

d)

The historical reconstruction of extinct languages

e)

The direct interviewing of professional interpreters

93.

What does a Particular Theory of Translation study?

a)

The linguistic aspects and specific patterns of translation between a specific pair of languages

b)

The universal rules of translation applicable to all known human languages

c)

The differences between written translation and simultaneous interpreting

d)

The pragmatic adaptation required for video game localization

e)

The cognitive processes occurring in the translator's brain

94.

Which field is the Particular Theory of Translation most closely associated with?

a)

Contrastive linguistics

b)

General history

c)

Cognitive psychology

d)

Mathematical logic

e)

Acoustic phonetics

95.

What is the primary subject of a Special Theory of Translation?

a)

The specific features of translating texts of different types, genres, and the influence of speech forms (e.g., literary, technical, oral)

b)

The universal linguistic laws governing all translation activities

c)

The comparative analysis of English and Russian phonetic systems

d)

The study of untranslatable cultural concepts across all languages

e)

The development of international standards for translation agencies

96.

What is "diachronic translation" defined as within translation theory?

a)

An intralingual translation of a historical text written in earlier epochs into a modern language

b)

The translation of a text across two completely unrelated language families

c)

The simultaneous interpreting of a speech given at a historical event

d)

The translation of a text using machine translation followed by human post-editing

e)

The conversion of a spoken dialect into a standardized written language

97.

According to A. L. Semenov, what is an example of intersemiotic translation?

a)

Translating from a natural language to an artificial language during programming

b)

Paraphrasing a complex scientific article into simpler terms within the same language

c)

Translating a legal contract from French into German

d)

Adapting a 19th-century novel into modern English

e)

Converting a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence

98.

What is "transmutation" in the context of information processing?

a)

Translating information from one artificial language to another artificial language

b)

Rewording a message within the same natural language

c)

Translating a poem while preserving its exact rhyme scheme

d)

The process of cultural adaptation during the localization of a website

e)

The physical act of typing a translated text

99.

According to psycholinguistic classification, how is translation primarily divided?

a)

Into written translation and oral translation (interpreting)

b)

Into literary translation and informative translation

c)

Into human translation and machine translation

d)

Into literal translation and free translation

e)

Into semantic translation and communicative translation

100.

What is the main distinguishing feature of written translation compared to

interpreting?

a)

The texts exist in a fixed form, allowing the translator to repeatedly consult them and alter the translation

b)

It only deals with literary and poetic texts rather than technical or political ones

c)

It requires the translator to have a higher level of emotional intelligence

d)

It strictly forbids the use of dictionaries or external reference materials

e)

It demands a lower level of equivalence than oral translation