▪ CO2 rich blood

▪ O2 poor blood

- Helps in the coagulation process

▪ stoppage of

blood/bleeding

▪ when there’s injury, the

bleeding will stop

because of clotting, then

the clotting will dissolve

through fibrinolysis –

hemostasis is maintained

- Regulates the body temperature

▪ The lumen of the blood

vessel constricts, and

because of the pressure,

rate of blood flow

increases → the body

temperature also

increases

▪ The lumen dilates/widens

which decreases the rate

of blood flow → body

temperature decreases

- thin, watery membrane in the outer layer

of the heart.

- Function: covers the heart and attached

to the pericardium.

- thick layer of cardiac muscles in the

middle layer of the heart.

- Function: pumps blood to the arteries by

contracting.

- thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner

layer of the heart.

- Function: lines the valves and interior

chambers.

- upper right chamber

- Function: Receives deoxygenated blood

from the body.

-- lower right chamber

- Function: Receives the blood from the

right atrium and pumps into pulmonary

artery.

- upper left chamber

- Function: Receives oxygenated blood

from the lungs and pumps it into the left

ventricle.

- lower left chamber

- Function: Receives blood from the left

atrium and pumps it into the aorta.

- located between the right atrium and

right ventricle.

- Function: Closes as the right ventricle

contracts preventing blood from flowing

back to the right atrium.

- located between the left atrium and left

ventricle.

- Function: Closes as the left ventricle

contracts preventing blood from flowing

back to the left atrium.

- located at the entrance of the

pulmonary artery.

- Function: Closes when the right ventricle

relaxes preventing blood from flowing

back to the right ventricle.

- located at the entrance of the aorta.

- Function: Closes when the left ventricle

relaxes preventing blood from flowing

back to the left ventricle.

- Moves the blood between the right

ventricle of the heart to the lungs

- During the process, oxygen is absorbed

and carbon dioxide is released, after which, the oxygenated blood flows back

to the left atrium of the heart

- Moves the oxygenated blood and

nutrients from the left ventricle of the

heart to the rest of the body

- The deoxygenated blood with carbon

dioxide and waste flows back to the right

atrium

- thick-walled blood vessels that carry

oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the

tissues of the body.

- a small-diameter blood vessel that

branches out from the arteries and leads

to the capillaries.

- tubes with thin walls that carry

deoxygenated blood from tissues to the

heart.

- a very small vein that collects blood from

the capillaries.

- fine hair-like blood vessels that connect

arterioles and veins

- Where the gas exchange happens

- Tunica adventitia (outer connective

tissue)

- Tunica media (middle, muscle and

elastic fiber)

- Tunica intima (inner, endothelial cell)

7.35 - 7.45

35 mmHg to 45 mmHg

75 mmHg to 100 mmHg

22 mEq/L to 26 mEq/L

Greater than 95%

- increase when there is tissue injury

- tested to check the source of injury

- Bacterial endocarditis

o Overwhelming blood bacteria

o Bacteria can come to the heart

o Can come from sepsis

- Sepsis – bacterial infection in the blood

Abnormal amount can cause

abnormality in heartbeat – arrythmia

- Plaque from cholesterol, triglycerides

o Can block the blood vessel

o Good cholesterol

o Normal value is 40 mg or higher

▪ Even if it is higher, it is fine

o Transfer cholesterol from the

blood vessel to liver for

elimination

o Bad cholesterol

o Absorbs cholesterol and deposit

to the blood vessel

- Clot can block blood flow that is why it

undergoes fibrinolysis

- Fibrinolysis → fibrin degradation products

→ ____dissolves → checks if it can dissolve FDP

- to form a stable clot to stop bleeding

- abnormal if you lack factors I, II, V, VII, X

- Factor VIII – hemophiliac A

- Factor IX – hemophiliac B

- Factor XI – hemophiliac C

bright red

dark red

Universal donor as it has no antigen

- Universal recipient as it has no antibodies

- Blood bag for blood transfusion

- Comes from whole blood

- Has no plasma since it will contain

antibodies

- Components of blood are divided for

specific needs

- Forward slide method

- What clotted, that is the blood type

- Used for blood typing procedure

- Acts as a plasma

- Has three types: Anti A, Anti B, Anti D

- Anti A target is A, Anti B target is B, Anti D

target is D

- Phlebotomy Section/Area

- Where phlebotomy procedures are

performed

- Typically contains

o Table for supplies

o Special chair

o Bed or reclining chair

o *Bed or padded table

- comfortable

- have adjustable armrests

- Make blood collection equipment

portable

- Handheld Carriers

o Easily carried

o Contain enough equipment for

numerous blood draw

o “stat” or emergency situations 

- Phlebotomy Carts

o Gliding carts made up of steel or

synthetic material

o Shelves carrying adequate

supplies for many patients

o Not in the room, hallway only,

nosocomial infection

- One for each patient

- Non sterile, disposable latex, nitrile,

neoprene, polyethylene and vinyl

- Special gloves

- Barrier hand creams

- KEYPOINT: Decontamination of hands

after glove removal is ESSENTIAL.

- Substances that are used to prevent

sepsis

- Chemical substances used to remove or

kill microorganisms on surface and

instruments

- - Detergent containing wipes for visibly

soiled hand and there’s no hand

washing facilities

Hold pressure over the site following

blood collection procedure

- USE OF COTTON BALLS TO HOLD

PRESSURE IS NOT RECOMMENDED

- Used to cover a blood collection site

after the bleeding has stopped

- Paper, cloth, knitted tape

- Caution: Adhesive bandages should not

be used on babies younger than 2 years

of age because of aspiration and

suffocation

- Where you place used needles, lancets,

and other sharp objects

- With BIOHAZARD SYMBOL

- Leakproof plastic bags

- Transporting blood and other specimens

from collection site to the laboratory

- BIOHAZARD label and outside pocket

- Portable transillumination devices

o Transillumination - Inspecting

organ by passing light through its

wall

- Principle: Hemoglobin in the blood within

the veins absorbs the light, causing the

vein to stand out as dark lines

- Purpose:

o Constrict the flow of blood

o Makes the vein more prominent

- Flat strip, non-latex made material

- Can be reused

commonly used

22 used for blood collection

used for children

used for butterfly

infusion/needle

PPD skin test

Butterfly or Syringe Collection

Butterfly or Syringe CollectionSyringe or Evacuated system

collection

Ivs or Blood donation

- Interrupt the process of coagulation

- EDTA, Citrate, Heparin, Oxalates

- Prevents Glycolysis / Sodium Fluoride

Action: Chelates Calcium

Combines calcium in a non-

ionized form

Acts as antithrombin and

antithromboplastin

Combines with Calcium to form

an insoluble salt.

Forming weakly dissociated

calcium components

Gold Top

- Design to help isolate

o Anti-coagulant

o Anti-complementary

o Anti-phagocytic

o Neutralizes aminoglycoside

(antibiotic)

White Top

- In order of draw: After SST or before

Heparinized tube

Sterile blood culture tubes-

Coagulation tubes-

Serum tube/ Plain tube-

Heparin tube-

EDTA tube-

Anti-glycolytic tube/ Fluoride-